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花粉直感对‘突尼斯’石榴坐果及果实品质的影响



全 文 :果树学报 2016,33(2): 196-201
Journal of Fruit Science
DOI: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20150168
花粉直感对‘突尼斯’石榴坐果及果实品质的影响
薛 辉,曹尚银*,牛 娟,李好先,张富红,赵弟广
(中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009)
摘 要:【目的】弄清不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’石榴坐果率及果实品质的影响。【方法】以‘突尼斯’‘中农红’‘冬艳’‘豫
大籽’‘三白’‘陕大籽’和‘黑籽甜’为父本,‘突尼斯’石榴为母本进行人工授粉,观察花粉直感对‘突尼斯’石榴坐果及
果实品质的影响。【结果】以‘突尼斯’为母本的自交和杂交果实均为软籽石榴。除‘冬艳’外,其他授粉品种的花粉对
‘突尼斯‘授粉后,‘突尼斯’果实的坐果率及果实品质均有提高,存在明显的花粉直感。【结论】‘突尼斯’ב豫大籽’、‘突
尼斯’ב三白’坐果率较高;‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’、‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’果实品质较好,为‘突尼斯’石榴生产上合理配置
授粉树、提高果实品质提供依据。
关键词:软籽石榴;花粉直感;坐果率;果实品质
中图分类号:S665.4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2016)02-0196-06
Effects of xenia on fruit setting and quality in‘Tunisia’pomegranate
XUE Hui,CAO Shangyin*,NIU Juan,LI Haoxian,ZHANG Fuhong,ZHAO Diguang
(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou 450009,Henan,China)
Abstract:【Objective】Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.),belongs to deciduous shrubs. The flower types
of the pomegranate are divided into two categories: bisexual and male function bisexual. Previous studies
proved that the self pollination setting rate in pomegranate was extremely low,so the pomegranate can be
treated as cross-pollination fruit tree. In pomegranate,the method of artificial pollination can be adopted
to provide the basis for rational allocation of pollination tree,improving fruit quality and breeding new va⁃
rieties.‘Tunisia’is characterized as seed deterioration,edible quality and larger arils. According to in⁃
complete statistics,among more than 200 varieties of pomegranate,there are only about 10 soft seed cul⁃
tivars,so we make use of artificial pollination,xenia and other means,get new cultivars with high yield,
high quality,soft seed characters.【Methods】‘Tunisia’‘Zhongnonghong’‘Dongyan’‘Yudazi’‘Sanbai’
‘Shandazi’and‘Heizitian’were used as male parents and‘Tunisia’soft-seed pomegranate was used as
female parent. Pollen viability was observed by solid culture medium culture method. Artificial pollination
was done when the pollen viability reached the standard of pollination. The fruit setting rate was investigat⁃
ed at 40,80,120 d after flowering. The hybrid fruits were harvested at 120 days after flowering,and the
fruit quality were detected. Digital vernier caliper was used to measure the fruit longitudinal diameter and
transverse diameter of arils;The electronic analytic balance determined the fruit and seed weight,TA-
XT texture analyzer determined the seed hardness,and UV spectrophotometric measured the lignin con⁃
tent of the seed. All data were repeated three times.【Results】The results showed that,except‘Dong⁃
yan’,other pollinators can improved‘Tunisia’fruit setting percentage at different levels. At 120 d after
flowering (DAF),the fruit setting rate of‘Tunisia’בYudazi’was the highest (21.4%) followed by‘Tuni⁃
收稿日期:2015-04-23 接受日期: 2015-06-23
基金项目:“我国优势产区落叶果树农家品种资源的调查与收集”(2012FY110100);中国农业科学院科技创新工程:特色果树资源与育
种(CAAS-ASTIP-201X-ZFRI)
作者简介:薛辉,女,硕士,研究方向为果树遗传育种。Tel:15537131881,E-mail:zgqxmx1990@163.com
􀆽通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:13937192127,E-mail:13937192127@163.com
第2期
sia’בSanbai’,‘Tunisia’בZhongnonghong’with the fruit setting rate 20.4%,20.3%,respectively,
while the fruit setting rate of‘Tunisia’בDongyan’was the lowest (2.7%). The fruit shape index of‘Tuni⁃
sia’בDongyan’was the lowest (0.68);the index of other varieties were ranged from 0.88 to 0.92. The sin⁃
gle fruit weight of all treatments was between 250 g to 600 g.‘Tunisia’בHeizitian’had the biggest aver⁃
age single fruit weight (385 g) which was 106.6 g larger than‘Tunisia’self pollination;‘Tunisia’×
‘Shandazi’was 104 g larger than‘Tunisia’self pollination,while‘Tunisia’בDongyan’had the small⁃
est single fruit weight which was 20.5 g lighter than self pollination. The number of seed in the fruit was
300-600.‘Tunisia’בHeizitian’was the most which was 182 more than‘Tunisia’self pollination;‘Tu⁃
nisia’בShandazi’ranked the second,which had 506 seeds in the fruit. The number of seeds in‘Tuni⁃
sia’בYudazi’and‘Tunisia’בSanbai’was close to each other and the number of seeds in the fruit of
‘Tunisia’בYudazi’was the smallest (349) . The weight of 1 000 arils in‘Tunisia’בShandazi’was the
largest,which was 539.3 g. The oeder of other cross combination was‘Tunisia’בSanbai’‘Tunisia’×
‘Dongyan’and‘Tunisia’בYudazi’ and the smallest was‘Tunisia’self pollination. The results
showed that although the arils of all the cross combinations were sweet,the soluble solids contents were
different. The highest of soluble solids content was‘Tunisia’בHeizitian’which was 15.7%,and the
lowest was‘Tunisia’self pollination which was 14.5%. Among the combinations,‘Tunisia’בShandazi’
had the largest edible rate which was 72.19% and followed by‘Tunisia’בSanbai’and‘Tunisia’בHeiz⁃
itian’.‘Tunisia’בDongyan’had the lowest. Arils juice yield of‘Tunisia’בDongyan’was the larg⁃
est,and followed by‘Tunisia’בShandazi’and‘Tunisia’בSanbai’. The arils juice yield of‘Tunisia’
בZhongnonghong’was close to that of‘Tunisia’בYudazi’. The results of the seed hardness determina⁃
tion showed that: all combinations produced soft seeds. Among them,the hardness of the‘Tunisia’self
pollination combination was the smallest (1.51 kg);the seed hardness of‘Tunisia’בHeizitian’was 1.67
kg;the hardest seed hardness was‘Tunisia’בShandazi’,which was 2.22 kg. The lignin content in seed
which related with the seed hardness,was ranged from 17% to 27%.‘Tunisia’בShandazi’had the high⁃
est lignin content which was 26.18%;the lignin contents in‘Tunisia’בDongyan’,‘Tunisia’בSan⁃
bai’and‘Tunisia’בZhongnonghong’were 23.77%,21.64% and 21.27%,respectively;the least lignin
content was observed in‘Tunisia’self pollination combination.【Conclusion】Taking‘Tunisia’as the
mother parent,all the hybrid combinations produced soft seeds.‘Tunisia’בYudazi’and‘Tunisia’×
‘Sanbai’had the higher fruit setting rate.‘Tunisia’בHeizitian’and‘Tunisia’בShandazi’had the
better fruit quality.‘Tunisia’בYudazi’and‘Tunisia’בHeizitian’had the smaller seed hardness,
meanwhile they had the lower lignin content. Overall,compared with the‘Tunisia’self pollination,other
pollinators can improve‘Tunisia’fruit setting percentage and fruit quality at different level. The hard⁃
ness of seed was positively correlated with lignin content. The appropriate varieties for pollination are
needed to be selected carefully.
Key words: Soft-seed pomegranate;Xenia;Fruit set rate;Fruit quality
石榴(Punica granatum L.),属于石榴科(Punica⁃
ceae)、石榴属(Punica L.)落叶灌木或小乔木果树。
该科植物仅 1属 2种,在我国只有 1种,即石榴 [1-2]。
目前市场上较受欢迎的石榴品种为‘突尼斯’石榴。
‘突尼斯’于1986年从突尼斯引入我国,经过十几年
的精心培养,改良优选,适应了我国红、白土地生长,
以种皮革质化、种仁退化、食用品质好、籽粒大等优
点闻名全国,其商品价格是普通石榴品种的2~4倍,
被称作石榴中的珍品。
父本花粉能直接对当年受精形成的种子和果实
性状产生影响的现象称花粉直感。目前花粉直感在
板栗[3]、新疆梨[4]、苹果[5]、猕猴桃[6]、香白杏[7]等果树上
报道较多,而在石榴上报道较少。为研究石榴花粉
直感,本试验初步探讨了不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’
坐果率及其果实外在和内在品质的影响,以期找到
‘突尼斯’石榴适宜的授粉品种,为其生产上合理配
薛 辉,等:花粉直感对‘突尼斯’石榴坐果及果实品质的影响 197
果 树 学 报 第33卷
置授粉树、提高果实品质提供依据。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
试验于 2014年 5月在中国农业科学院郑州果
树研究所试验基地河南省荥阳市河阴石榴园中进
行。荥阳市平均气温为14.3 ℃,平均降水量641.7 mm,
年日照时数为2 367.7 h,年日照百分率为54%[8]。‘突
尼斯’‘豫大籽’石榴均为 9 a生,株行距 3 m×3.7 m,
树体自然开心形,管理条件较好。试验以‘突尼斯’
‘中农红’‘冬艳’‘豫大籽’‘三白’‘陕大籽’和‘黑籽
甜’为父本,‘突尼斯’石榴为母本进行人工授粉[9]。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 花粉采集及生活力检测 采集适量的‘突尼
斯’‘三白’‘豫大籽’‘黑籽甜’‘冬艳’‘中农红’和‘陕
大籽’石榴品种的钟状花,在室内剥去花瓣,放置在
硫酸纸上,室温灯光照射约24 h。花药开裂后,将散
出的花粉收集到小瓶中,贮藏于 4 ℃冰箱备用。授
粉前采用固体培养基培养法[10-11]测定花粉生活力,花
粉生活力大于50%,可用于授粉[12]。
1.2.2 人工授粉 选择生长健壮的‘突尼斯’石榴
树,随机选取发育良好、未散粉的筒状花,用镊子去
雄,然后用铅笔头蘸取其他品种的花粉对花柱点授,
并立即套袋,挂上标签,做好记录。每个授粉处理约
100朵。以‘突尼斯’自花授粉为对照。
1.2.3 坐果率及果实品质测定 石榴生产上存在生
理落果现象。本试验分别在花后 40、80、120 d统计
坐果率。坐果率/%=(坐果数/授粉花数)×100。
不同授粉品种所结果实的成熟期一致。果实于
9月26日采集后,带回实验室,对果实的外观及内在
品质进行检测。在测量完单果质量、纵横径后,用刀
将果实小心切开,取出籽粒,测定可溶性固形物含
量、籽粒千粒质量、籽粒数量、籽粒大小、种子千粒质
量、种子大小等。用数显游标卡尺测量果实纵径横
径及籽粒、种子大小,用电子分析天平测定单果和种
子质量,用糖度计测可溶性固形物含量,使用TA-XT
质构仪测定种子硬度,紫外分光光度计法测种子木
质素含量。石榴果实的可食率/%=(果实质量-果皮
质量)/果实质量×100。石榴籽粒的出汁率/%=(籽粒
质量-种子质量)/籽粒质量×100。所有数据均3次取
样,并重复测量3次。
1.3 数据分析
使用Office Excel 和 SPSS17.0 软件对石榴果实
品质及硬度等进行方差分析,比较不同授粉品种对
‘突尼斯’果实品质的影响。
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’石榴坐果率的影响
试验表明,除‘冬艳’外,其他品种的授粉均能不
同程度地提高‘突尼斯’果实的坐果率。花后(DAF)
120 d时,‘突尼斯’ב豫大籽’坐果率最高,为21.4%;
其次,‘突尼斯’ב三白’、‘突尼斯’ב中农红’,坐果
率分别为20.4%、20.3%;‘突尼斯’ב冬艳’的坐果率
最低,为2.7%(图1)。从花后40、80、120 d统计的坐
果率中可以看出:花后120 d时每个授粉品种的坐果
率都较少。
2.2 不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’石榴果实品质的影




Fru
itse
tting
rate
/%
0
10
20
30
40
DAF40 DAF80 DAF120
黑籽甜
Heizitian
授粉品种Pollinated-variety
图1 不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’坐果率的影响
Fig. 1 The effect of different pollinater-variety on fruit setting ratio of‘Tunisia’
突尼斯
Tunisia
中农红
Zhongnonghong
冬艳
Dongyan
陕大籽
Shandazi
三白
Sanbai
豫大籽
Yudazi
试验从果实大小、籽粒大小及内在品质上比较
了各授粉品种对‘突尼斯’石榴果实品质的影响,包
括果实纵横径、单果质量、籽粒数量、籽粒大小等几
个方面(表 1)。在果形指数方面,以‘突尼斯’ב冬
艳’最低,为0.68;其他授粉品种均为0.88~0.92,差别
较小,从外形上看均呈近圆形。石榴果实的质量在
F 40 80 F 120
198
第2期
250~600 g,平均单果质量以‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’的
最大(385 g),比‘突尼斯’自交所得的果实大 106.6
g;其次是‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’的果实,比自交果实大
104 g;‘突尼斯’ב冬艳’所得的果实最小,比自交果
实轻 20.5 g。石榴果实中的籽粒数量在 300~600。
‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’所得的籽粒数量最多,比自交果
多 182粒;其次,‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’的杂交果中的
籽粒数平均达 506粒;‘突尼斯’ב豫大籽’、‘突尼
斯’ב三白’杂交果实的籽粒数量接近;‘突尼斯’×
‘冬艳’组合中籽粒数量最小,为 349粒。1 000粒籽
粒的质量以‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’组合数值最大,为
539.3 g;其次是‘突尼斯’ב三白’、‘突尼斯’ב冬
艳’、‘突尼斯’ב豫大籽’,最小的是‘突尼斯’自交组
合,千粒重为474.0 g。
试验结果表明,虽然各组合杂交果实的籽粒均
为甜味,但是不同杂交组合所结果实的可溶性固形
表1 不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’果实与籽粒大小的影响
Table 1 The effect of different pollinated-variety on fruit and arils size of‘Tunisia’
授粉品种
Pollinated-variety
突尼斯Tunisia
中农红Zhongnonghong
豫大籽Yudazi
冬艳Dongyan
陕大籽Shandazi
三白Sanbai
黑籽甜Heizitian
果实大小Fruit size
纵径
Longitudinal
diameter/mm
81.02 ab
87.10 a
91.21 a
84.29 b
88.79 a
91.31 a
93.86 a
横径
Diameter/
mm
73.07 d
80.15 b
82.54 a
57.41 e
79.20 c
81.60 b
82.48 ab
果形指数
Fruit shape
index
0.90 b
0.92 a
0.90 b
0.68 d
0.89 cd
0.89 cd
0.88 c
平均单果质量
Single fruit
mass/g
278.4 d
322.9 c
376.7 a
257.9 e
382.4 a
359.3 b
385.0 a
籽粒数量
Arils
number
352 b
445 ab
473 ab
349 b
506 ab
477 ab
534 a
籽粒大小Arils size
千粒重
1000-grain mass/g
474.0 d
483.9 cd
500.0 bcd
512.5 abc
539.3 a
524.1 ab
485.0 cd
横径
Diameter/mm
9.54 ab
9.10 d
9.23 cd
9.43 abc
9.59 a
9.25 bcd
9.19 cd
纵径
Longitudinal
diameter/mm
12.65 b
12.73 ab
12.89 ab
12.74 ab
12.95 ab
13.06 a
12.91 ab
注:小写字母代表差异显著性,P <0.05。下同。
Note: Small letters represent for significant difference,P <0.05. The same below.
物存在差异(表2)。‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’的含量最高,
为 15.7%,自交果实的含量最低,为 14.5%,2者相差
1.2个百分点。杂交组合中,‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’杂
交果实的可食率最高,为72.19%;其次为‘突尼斯’×
‘三白’、‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’;‘突尼斯’ב冬艳’的可
食率最低。籽粒出汁率最大的杂交组合为‘突尼
斯’ב冬艳’,其次是‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’与‘突尼
斯’ב三白’,‘突尼斯’ב中农红’与‘突尼斯’ב豫大
籽’自交组合的出汁率接近。
2.3 不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’种子硬度的影响
注:ns表示无显著差异。
Note: ns represent for no significant difference.
表2 不同授粉品种对‘突尼斯’内在品质的影响
Table 2 The effect of different pollinated-variety on inherent quality of‘Tunisia’
授粉品种
Pollinated-variety
突尼斯Tunisia
中农红Zhongnonghong
豫大籽Yudazi
冬艳Dongyan
陕大籽Shandazi
三白Sanbai
黑籽甜Heizitian
种子大小Seed size
千粒重
1000-grain mass/g
32.6 f
34.5 d
35.4 c
33.1 e
35.6 b
35.6 b
36.0 a
横径
Diameter/mm
3.35 ab
3.44 a
3.48 a
3.28 b
3.48 a
3.19 b
3.33 ab
纵径
Longitudinal diameter/mm
7.71 ns
7.69 ns
7.76 ns
7.72 ns
7.80 ns
7.80 ns
7.95 ns
可食率
Edible rate/%
70.69 abc
68.38 d
69.25 cd
65.88 e
72.19 a
71.35 ab
70.24 bc
出汁率
Juice yield/%
93.11 ns
92.87 ns
92.87 ns
93.55 ns
93.41 ns
93.21 ns
92.79 ns
ω(可溶性固形物)
Soluble solids
content/%
14.5 c
14.7 c
14.8 c
15.4 ab
15.2 b
15.6 a
15.7 a
对于软籽石榴来说,石榴种子可食与否是评价
其果实品质的重要因素。种子可食程度可以用种子
硬度来衡量。本试验使用 TA-XT质构仪测定种子
硬度,结果表明:以‘突尼斯’为母本的所有组合所得
的果实种子均为软籽。其中,自交果实的硬度最小,
1.51 kg;‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’,种子硬度为1.67 kg;种
子硬度最大的是‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’,为 2.22 kg
(表3)。与种子硬度相关的种子木质素含量在17%~
薛 辉,等:花粉直感对‘突尼斯’石榴坐果及果实品质的影响 199
果 树 学 报 第33卷
27%。‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’种子中木质素含量最多,
为26.18%;其次是‘突尼斯’ב冬艳’、‘突尼斯’ב三
白’、‘突尼斯’ב中农红’,分别为 23.77%、21.64%、
21.27%;含量最少的是‘突尼斯’自交果实的种子。
3 讨 论
授粉品种可以影响主栽品种的坐果率和果实品
质。本试验中除‘冬艳’外,其他授粉品种的花粉授
粉后,‘突尼斯’果实的坐果率及果实大小、可溶性固
形物含量、可食率、籽粒大小、色泽等果实品质均有
提高。而‘冬艳’花粉对其授粉后,坐果率及果实品
质均低于对照,部分原因是2者杂交不亲和,‘冬艳’
石榴品种的晚熟特性可能也是导致其果实品质受影
响的原因之一。
不同授粉品种对母本果实坐果率及品质的影响
在石榴上研究较少,但在其他果树上研究较多。王
延秀等[5]用11个观赏海棠品种的花粉对‘长富2号’
苹果授粉后,均可显著提高其坐果率,明显改善果
形指数、增大果个。徐臣善[13]研究发现,相比于其他
授粉品种,‘美红’更有利于提高果实单果质量。这
些研究结果与本试验的结果一致。周晶等[14]通过对
‘燕山红栗’授粉发现,在坐果率、结实率等方面表现
明显的花粉直感现象。潘海发等 [15]试验表明,不同
品种授粉‘砀山酥梨’后单果质量与授粉品种的单果
质量具有显著正相关,不同品种授粉的‘砀山酥梨’
种子数、单粒质量与授粉品种单果质量也呈极显著
正相关。而吴翠云等[16]用生产上常用的几个梨品种
为早熟优质梨新品种授粉,坐果率显著提高,且表现
亲“母”不亲“父”现象。
土耳其Derin等 [17]研究了花粉的质量对石榴坐
果及果实品质的影响。埃及的Nahla等[18]以‘Manfa⁃
loty’石榴为母本,‘Aca’‘Wonderful’‘Eversweet’等
几个石榴品种为父本进行杂交,结果发现石榴上也
存在花粉直感,也与本试验结果一致。本试验中,所
有授粉品种对‘突尼斯’石榴授粉,所得果实的种子
均为软籽,而作为父本的‘中农红’石榴为软籽,‘冬
艳’‘豫大籽’‘三白’‘陕大籽’和‘黑籽甜’均为硬籽
石榴。软籽石榴种子形成的分子机理的研究还未见
报道,有待进一步研究。Dai等[19]对软核山楂与硬核
山楂进行了转录组分析,认为软籽山楂内果皮形成
与木质素合成有关。本试验测量的不同授粉品种所
结果实种子中木质素的含量结果发现,木质素含量
与其硬度成正相关,即硬度值越高,木质素的含量越
高。人工授粉能确保授粉的均匀性,但会给石榴带
来一定的损伤,在生产上,可以按一定的比例种植授
粉树,使其自然授粉以降低机械损伤。
4 结 论
以‘突尼斯’为母本的自交和杂交果实均为软
籽,‘突尼斯’ב豫大籽’、‘突尼斯’ב三白’坐果率较
高;‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’、‘突尼斯’ב陕大籽’果实品
质较好;‘突尼斯’ב豫大籽’、‘突尼斯’ב黑籽甜’种
子硬度较小。整体而言,不同品种的授粉与自交相
比,均能不同程度的提高‘突尼斯’果实的坐果率和
果实品质。在生产上,可以根据实际需要选择合适
的授粉品种。
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中农红Zhongnonghong
豫大籽Yudazi
冬艳Dongyan
陕大籽Shandazi
三白Sanbai
黑籽甜Heizitian
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21.64 c
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