全 文 :书食用菌学报2013.20(1):1~4
收稿日期:2012-12-12原稿;2013-01-08修改稿
作者简介:陈世通(1986-),男,在读硕士,主要从事食用菌栽培和育种方面的研究。
*本文通讯作者 E-mail:rongchunli@126.com
文章编号:1005-9873(2013)01-0001-04
香菇单孢杂交及杂交菌株分子鉴定
陈世通,白建波,蒲 敏,李梦杰,张玉金,李荣春*
(云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院食用菌研究所,云南昆明650201)
摘 要:采用单孢杂交育种技术,以香菇(Lentinula edodes)栽培品种“大山18”和云南野生香菇“11-1”为亲本,
选育香菇优良新品种。通过单孢分离和配对杂交,共获得84个杂交菌株。用ISSR分子标记对杂交菌株与亲
本条带进行鉴定,有45个菌株包含了两亲本的所有遗传条带,最终证明了这45个菌株是真正的杂合子。本研
究表明了利用ISSR标记可以有效地对早期菌丝体阶段的香菇杂交菌株的真实性进行鉴定。
关键词:香菇;单孢杂交;ISSR鉴定
杂交是遗传物质在细胞水平上的重组过程,
可以把不同类型菌株的优良性状组合在一起,通
过菌丝体的无性繁殖把这些优良性状稳固下来。
食用菌杂交育种技术较多,尤以单孢杂交更为精
确,应用最多[1]。
香菇(Lentinula edodes)是典型的四极性异
宗结合的担子菌,单孢杂交是香菇新品种选育上
最常见的育种方式[2]。目前我国生产上广泛使
用的香菇品种大多来自于国外,缺乏具有自主知
识产权的品种,且由于栽培年限普遍较长,相继
出现种性退化,同时随着香菇栽培范围和规模的
不断扩大,市场对新品种的需求也越来越大[3],
因此香菇品种选育成为人们十分关注的课题。
笔者以香菇“大山18”和野生香菇“11-1”作为亲
本,进行单孢杂交育种,以期选育出高产优质的
香菇杂交新品种。
简 单 序 列 重 复 区 间 多 态 性 (inter-
simplesequence repeat,ISSR)是基于基因组简单
重复序列的 DNA 标记技术[4]。本研究采用
ISSR标记鉴定香菇单孢杂交后代,探讨杂合子
鉴定中应用ISSR标记的可行性,以便为香菇杂
种育种提供参考。
1 材料与方法
1.1材料
1.1.1菌株
亲本选用“大山18”、“11-1”,均由云南大山
合农业科技发展有限公司提供。
“大山18”是云南大山合农业科技发展有限
公司广泛栽培的品种,引种于浙江省,经过多年
推广栽培已适应云南当地气候,子实体朵形圆
整、盖大肉厚,较耐高温,接种期可跨越春夏秋冬
四季,越夏烂筒少,栽培产量高;不足之处菌柄过
长、菌肉组织较为疏松、菌丝抗污染能力不强。
“11-1”是采自云南保山龙陵县的野生香菇菌
株,驯化栽培结果表明,该菌株具有短柄的优良
性状,并且菌丝抗污染能力较强,菌肉组织具备
野生香菇特有的致密坚实的优点。
1.1.2培养基
PDA 培养基(单孢分离和杂交配对用):
200g马铃薯,20g葡萄糖,20g琼脂,加蒸馏水
定容至l L。
PDB培养基(菌丝液体培养用):200g马铃
薯,20g葡萄糖,加蒸馏水定容至1L。
1.2方法
1.2.1单孢分离
采集亲本“大山18”和“11-1”的子实体,分别
收集其孢子印,制作孢子悬浮液,梯度稀释,选择
合适浓度的孢子悬浮液在PDA平板培养基上涂
布,待孢子萌发形成微小的白色星芒状菌落时,
挑取单个菌落转接至PDA试管斜面上培养,按
参考文献[5]的方法操作。当菌落直径长至2~
3cm时镜检,将无锁状联合的单核菌株放入冰箱
内备用。亲本“大山18”所得单核菌株依次编号
DOI:10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2013.01.011
食 用 菌 学 报 第20卷
为18~1、18~2、18~3…18~X;亲本野生“11-1”
所得单核菌株依次编号为11~1、11~2、11~3…
11~Y。
1.2.2杂交菌株初步判定
将“大山18”和“野生11-1”的单核菌株随机
配对杂交,在一个PDA平板底部画正“十”字,沿
正“十”字的对角线分别接入“大山18”的两块单
核菌株,沿另一条对角线分别接入“野生11-1”的
两块单核菌株,按照参考文献[6]的方法,接种块
相距2.5cm,25℃对峙培养至两亲本菌落菌丝
刚刚交接时用接种针小心地在两单核菌落融合
处挑取菌丝块至PDA培养基上培养,当菌落直
径大约为2cm时,镜检有锁状联合者为初步判
断的杂交子,转接于PDA平板扩大培养。
1.2.3拮抗试验
在PDA平板内采用三点接种法[7]分别接种
香菇亲本“大山18”、“11-1”和杂交子,每两点的
间距为2cm,接种后在25℃培养箱内培养,观察
记录各菌株间的拮抗反应。
1.2.4杂交菌株ISSR分子鉴定
1.2.4.1 基因组DNA提取
分别将杂交子和亲本单核菌株接种于PDB
培养基内,25℃静置培养15d,过滤收集菌丝,提
取 DNA。香菇基因组 DNA 的提取方法采用
CTAB法[8]。用 1% 的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测
DNA的质量和浓度。最后将样品浓度稀释至
50ng/μL,置于-20℃冰箱保存。
1.2.4.2ISSR引物筛选
本试验选用了参考文献[9]中扩增香菇特异
性条带较好的引物ISSR1、ISSR3、ISSR4、ISSR9、
ISSR10、ISSR11、ISSR12和参考文献[10]中的
ISSR2、ISSR5、ISSR6、ISSR7、ISSR8,这12个引
物都由上海生工生物工程公司合成,用它们分别
对两个亲本菌株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。
用12个引物对两亲本的DNA模板进行PCR
扩增,DNA模板设置了5个浓度梯度:20、40、50、
60、70ng/μL,PCR反应体积为20μL,其中10×
PCR 缓 冲 液 2 μL,MgCl2 1.6 μL,dNTP
(10mmol/L each)0.3μL,引物(10μmol/L)1μL,
模板 DNA 1μL,Taq DNA 聚 合 酶 (5U/μL)
0.2μL,用ddH2O补齐至20μL。PCR扩增反应
热循环参数为:94℃预变性5min之后,进行连续
35个循环,即94℃变性30s,52.7℃复性45s,
72℃延伸90s,最后72℃补平7min;4℃保存。
扩增反应结束后,取5μL PCR扩增产物与溴酚蓝
混合后在1%的琼脂糖凝胶上进行电泳,电泳结束
后,将凝胶取出在紫外凝胶成像系统上观察。结果
表明在20μL的反应体系中,50ng/μL的DNA浓
度扩增出的条带最清晰,所以选定浓度为50ng/μL
的DNA模板进行PCR扩增,并从扩增出的条带中
筛选出条带清晰、重复性好且含有两个亲本特异性
条带的引物。
1.2.4.3 杂交菌株的鉴定
利用筛选出的引物对杂交菌株和其亲本单核
菌株进行ISSR-PCR扩增反应。PCR的反应体系/
循环参数和观察扩增图谱的方法与1.2.4.2的步
骤相同。
2 结果与分析
2.1亲本单核菌株
共获得“大山18”单核菌株36个,野生“11-
1”42个。亲本“大山18”所得单核菌株编号为:
18~1、18~2、18~3…18~36,亲本菌株野生“11-
1”所得单核菌株编号为:11~1、11~2、11~3…
11~42。
2.2杂交菌株
镜检具有锁状联合的菌株初步判定为杂交
菌株。共获得84个能够较好生长的杂交菌株,
分别编号为DO-i(i=l、2、3…84)。
2.3拮抗反应
84个杂交菌株中有45个杂交菌株在与两个亲
本菌落相互接触处出现了很明显的拮抗线(图1箭
头1和2)。而其它39个菌株与亲本“大山18”的菌
丝可以相互交叉,没有产生拮抗线(图1箭头3)。
图1 杂交菌株与双亲拮抗反应
Fig.1 Antagonistic effects between partial hybrid strains
and two parental strains
2
第1期 陈世通,等:香菇单孢杂交及杂交菌株分子鉴定
双核体间的拮抗反应由体细胞不亲和因子控
制,仅能从形态学上区别杂交菌株与亲本的不同,
故拮抗反应不能作为杂交成功的标准。要想得到
更加可靠的鉴定结果还需要从遗传物质的水平上
进行鉴定,这就要借助于DNA分子标记技术。
2.4ISSR分子鉴定
引物筛选试验结果表明,ISSR6能够很好的
与亲本基因组DNA结合,电泳后的条带清晰重
复性好,并能获得2条稳定的特异标记条带(图2
箭头1所指条带为“大山18”所特有,约300bp,
箭头 2 所 指 条 带 为 野 生 “11-1”所 特 有,约
600bp),所以选择此引物对杂交菌株进行鉴定。
其它引物或扩增出的条带过于密集,或扩增不出
亲本的特异性条带而被淘汰。
ISSR分析表明,有39个杂交菌株仅具有亲
本“大山18”的特异性条带,没有出现亲本野生
“11-1”的特异性条带(图3DO5),结合拮抗试验
结果判定,这39个菌株可能不是真正的杂交子。
共45个杂交菌株具有两个亲本的特异DNA条
带,从分子标记层面证明这45个杂交菌株是真
正的杂合子(图3)。
M:为分子标记;泳道1和3分别为亲本“大山18”和野生“11-1”
的扩增产物;泳道2为杂交菌株DO1的扩增产物;
箭头1是亲本“大山18”特有条带;箭头2是亲本野生“11-1”特有
条带
M:Markers;Lanes 1and 3:amplified products from parental
strains“Dashan18”and“11-1”,respectively;Lane 2:amplified
products from hybrid strain DO1;1:specific band of“Dashan18”;
2:specific band of“11-1”
图2 引物ISSR6的扩增图谱
Fig.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis of bands
generated by primer ISSR6
M:为分子标记;A1~A6分别是亲本“大山18”单核菌株18~2、18~5、18~7、18~8、18~10和18~11的扩增产物;B1~B6分别是亲本
野生“11-1”单核菌株11~2、11~6、11~10、11~20、11~34和11~39的扩增产物;DO1~DO6是杂交菌株的扩增产物
M:Markers;A1-A6:amplified products from“Dashan18”mononuclear strains 18~2、18~5、18~7、18~8、18~10和18~11;B1-B6:
amplified products from“11-1”mononuclear strains,respectively;DO1-DO6:amplified products from hybrid strains
图3 引物ISSR6对杂交菌株DO1~DO6及其亲本的扩增图谱
Fig.3 Agarose gel electrophoresis of bands generated from hybrid strains DO1-DO6
and from their parental strains by primer ISSR6
3 讨论
应用现代分子生物学技术鉴别杂合子是未
来的发展趋势[11]。笔者成功应用了ISSR标记
从12个ISSR引物中筛选出了ISSR6引物,在
大量的杂交后代中鉴别出真正杂交种。两亲本
之间由于存在或缺乏2条独立的标记条带从而
可以被ISSR6引物明显的区别,而由它们组成
3
食 用 菌 学 报 第20卷
的杂交后代则含有这2条独立标记条带,因此
ISSR6引物可以作为“大山18”和野生“11-1”及
杂交后代的标记引物,这将对于保护知识产权
有着重要的意义。细胞水平上的拮抗反应容易
受环境因素的影响,并且受试验者辨别经验的
限制,在实践中具有一定的局限性。而分子标
记只代表遗传变异,与环境影响无关,在育种上
具有广泛的适用性。它是在分子水平上对杂合
子进行鉴定,这就为鉴定的准确性提供了科学
依据。所以将ISSR标记开发成稳定的、可靠的
分子遗传标记,对香菇遗传育种研究具有重要
意义。
在后继的研究中,将对鉴定出的杂交菌株进
行栽培出菇试验,以便摸清杂交菌株的温型、菌
龄和营养需求,有利于进一步改善香菇杂交菌株
的综合性状。
参考文献
[1]刘宇,王守现,耿小丽,等.杏鲍菇14号杂交菌株选育
研究[J].中国食用菌,2011,30(6):15-17.
[2]王卓仁,刘启燕,肖扬,等.香菇单孢杂交子代群体灰
色关联度和ISSR分析[J].菌物学报,2010,29(2):
267-272.
[3]宋春艳,刘德云,尚晓冬,等.香菇杂交新品种‘申香
16号’[J].园艺学报,2010,37(11):1887-1888.
[4]ZIETKIEWICZ E,RAFALSKI A,LABUDA D.
Genome Fingerprinting by Simple Sequence Repeat
(SSR )-Anchored Polymerase Chain Reaction
Amplification[J].Genomics,1994,20(2):176-183.
[5]张树强,卫彩红,胡建伟.鸡腿菇单孢分离和单孢杂交
的研究[J].新疆农业科学,2012,49(1):190-194.
[6]李冠喜,华国栋,王多明,等.采用同核体单孢杂交育
种技术选育双孢蘑菇[J].食用菌学报,2011,18(3):
17-21.
[7]徐珍,尚晓冬,郭倩,等.早熟金针菇新品种 G1的杂
交选育[J].食用菌学报,2009,16(4):20-22.
[8]闫燕,许文涛,苏春元,等.平菇基因组DNA提取方
法的研究[J].食品工业科技,2011(9):190-193.
[9]刘勇.四川攀西野生香菇遗传多样性与生理特性分析
[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2008.
[10]卢冰.四川香菇种质资源评价与应用研究[D].雅
安:四川农业大学,2009.
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[本文编辑] 马丹丹
4
ACTA EDULIS FUNGI2013.20(1):5~8
Received:Dec.12,2012; Accepted:Jan.8,2013
*Corresponding author. E-mail:rongchunli@126.com
Single-spore Crossing of Lentinula edodes and
Identification of Hybrid Strains Using Inter-Simple
Sequence Repeat(ISSR)Markers
CHEN Shitong,BAI Jianbo,PU Min,LI Mengjie,ZHANG Yujin,LI Rongchun*
(Institute of Edible Fungi,Colege of Agronomy and Biotechnology,Yunnan Agricultural University,
Kunming,Yunnan 650201,China)
Abstract:A Lentinula edodes cultivar,“Dashan 18”,and strain“11-1”,colected from the wild in Yunnan
Province,were selected as parental strains in a single-spore cross-breeding experiment that generated 84
putative hybrids.ISSR methodology demonstrated specific bands from both parental strains in 45hybrid
strains,confirming the latter were true hybrids,and indicating that ISSR markers can be used effectively to
identify L.edodes hybrid strains growing in the vegetative phase.
Key words:Lentinula edodes;single-spore cross;ISSR identification
Cross-breeding involves genetic recombina-
tion at the celular level,and alows the
combination and stable inheritance of desirable
traits from different parental strains during
asexual reproduction.Although there are many
cross-breeding techniques available,crosses
between monokaryons derived from single
spores have been used most widely in mushroom
breeding programs due to the precision of this
method[1].
Lentinula edodes is a typical tetrapolar
heterothalic basidiomycete,and single-spore
crossing is the most common breeding method
used to generate new L.edodes varieties[2].
Currently,most of the L.edodes varieties
cultivated commercialy in China originated
from abroad and therefore not subject to
Chinese intelectual property rights.
Furthermore,strain degeneration over long
periods of cultivation has resulted in the loss of
many desirable traits which,together with
recent large-scale expansion of mushroom
cultivation,has increased the market demand
for new varieties[3].Since L.edodes breeding
has now become an issue of concern,we have
undertaken a single spore cross-breeding
experiment involving a L.edodes cultivar,
“Dashan 18”,and strain“11-1”,colected from
the wild in Yunnan Province,as parental
strains in order to generate new hybrid
varieties.
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)
molecular markers,amplified regions flanked
by repeating sequences
[4],have been used to
identify hybrid strains,and the potential of
these markers for use in a general L.edodes
hybrid identification system is discussed.
1 Materials and Methods
1.1Materials
1.1.1Strains
Parental L.edodes strains“Dashan 18”
and“11-1”were provided by Yunnan Dashanhe
Agricultural Science and Technology
Development Co.Ltd. “Dashan 18”is a
popular cultivar,introduced from Zhejiang
Province,that is has been adapted to the local
climate in Yunnan after years of cultivation.It
can be grown al year round and produces a
large,round,thick pileus in high yield.
ACTA EDULIS FUNGI Vol.20
However,the shortcomings of this strain
include a long stipe,loose flesh and low
mycelial resistance to bacterial contamination
and mildew.Strain“11-1”was colected from
the wild in Longling County,Baoshan City,
Yunnan Province.On artificial cultivation,it
produces a short stipe,dense and solid flesh,
and has a high resistance to contamination.
1.1.2Media
PDA medium (used for single spore
isolation and hybrid pairing):potato 200g,
glucose 20g,agar 20g,water 1L.
PDB medium (used for submerged culture
of mycelia):potato 200g,glucose 20g,water
1L.
1.2Methods
1.2.1Single spore isolation
Spore printswere taken from fresh
harvested,mature fruit bodies of“Dashan 18”
and“11-1”,and aliquots of spore suspensions in
ddH2O were spread over the surface of PDA
plates. When visible,smal colonies were
transferred to fresh PDA slants according to
Reference[5].Hyphae from 2~3cm diameter
colonies were examined microscopicaly and
cultures of monokaryons without clamp
connections were retained and stored at 4 ℃
for crossing experiments.
1.2.2Preliminary determination of hybrids
Monokaryons were selected randomly from
each parental strain and mating was carried out
between al the possible pairings by placing
monokaryotic mycelia from different parental
strains~2.5cm apart on the surface of PDA
plates and incubating at 25 ℃. When the
diameter of the colonies was~2cm,mycelium
from the intersection was examined
microscopicaly and,where clamp connections
were present,tentatively identified as hybrid
and sub-cultured on to fresh PDA plates.
1.2.3Antagonism tests
Antagonism tests adopting three-point
inoculations[7] were applied to parental and
hybrid strains.Mycelium of each strain was
placed 2cm apart on PDA plates,incubated at
25℃ and examined periodicaly for
antagonistic reactions.
1.2.4Confirmation of hybrids by ISSR
1.2.4.1 Extraction of genomic DNA
Genomic DNA was extractedfrom
mycelium of parental and hybrid strains grown
in PDB at 25 ℃ for 15dusing the CTAB
method[8].DNA quality and concentration was
evaluated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis
and,after dilution to 50 ng/μL,stored at
-20℃until use.
1.2.4.2 Selection of ISSR primers
Twelve primers,ISSR1,ISSR3,ISSR 4,
ISSR9,ISSR10,ISSR11 and ISSR12 (see
Reference 9),and ISSR2,ISSR5,ISSR6,ISSR7
and ISSR8 (see reference 10),were selected
based on their ability to amplify specific bands in
L.edodes strains and were synthesized by
Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering
Technology & Services Co. Ltd. PCR
amplification of DNA from each parental strain
was carried out in 20 μL reaction mixtures
containing 2μL 10×reaction buffer,1.6μL
MgCl2,0.3μL dNTP (10 mmol/L),1μL
primer (10 μmol/L),1μL DNA template,
0.2μL Taq DNA polymerase(5 U/μL),and
ddH2O to volume.Amplification conditions were:
94℃for 5 min,35 cycles of 94℃for 30 s,52.
7℃ for 45 s and 72 ℃ for 90 s,and a final
extension at 72℃for 7 min.PCR amplification
products(5μL)were mixed with bromophenol
blue,fractionated by electrophoresis using 1.5%
agarose gels,and amplification patterns were
determined with an automatic gel imaging
analyzer.
1.2.4.3 Confirmation of hybrids
Primers producing clear, specific and
reproducible bands from each parental strain
were selected for amplification of ISSR markers
from hybrid and monokaryon strains using the
same conditions as in 1.2.4.2.
6
No.1 CHEN Shitong,BAI Jianbo,PU Min,et al
2 Results and Analysis
2.1Monokaryons from parental strains
Thirty-six monokaryons(18~1,18~2,
18~3,…,18~36)and 42monokaryons(11~
1,11~2,11~3,…,11~42)were obtained
from“Dashan 18”and“11-1”,respectively.
2.2Hybrids
Preliminary determination based on the
presence of clamp connections indicated 84
putative hybrid strains(DO-1,DO-2,DO-3…,
DO-84).
2.3Antagonism tests
Forty-five of the 84hybrids produced clear
lines of antagonism with Dashan 18and 11-1
(Fig.1 arrows 1 and 2,in the Chinese
version), while no antagonism lines were
observed between the remaining 39hybrids and
“Dashan 18”(Fig.1arrow 3,in the Chinese
version). However, antagonistic reactions
between dikaryons are controled by somatic
cel incompatibility factors and,since the
differences between hybrid and parent strains
are based on morphological observations,DNA
molecular markers are necessary for more
reliable and accurate identification of true
hybrids.
2.4ISSR identification of hybrids
PCR amplification initialy using 12
primers revealed that primer No.6produced
clear,reproducible bands from each parental
strain.One stable,specific band was obtained
from each parent,~300bp from “Dashan 18”
(arrow 1in Fig.2,in the Chinese version)and
~600bp from“11-1”(arrow 2in Fig.2,in the
Chinese version).ISSR analysis using primer
No.6revealed that the specific bands of both
parents were present in 45hybrids,thereby
identifying them as true hybrids and confirming
the results of the antagonism tests(Fig.3,in
the Chinese version). The remaining 39
hybrids contained only the marker specific for
“Dashan 18”(Fig.3,DO5),indicating these
were not true hybrids and again confirming the
results of the antagonism tests.
3 Discussion
Since antagonism tests are readily influenced
by the environment and subject to operator
limitations, modern molecular techniques
represent the future mainstay for the accurate
identification of hybrid strains[11].Therefore,
the development of stable and reproducible ISSR
markers described here has important
implications for breeding new strains of L.
edodes.We are now cultivating the true hybrids
identified in this report in order to evaluate the
combined traits in terms of temperature and
nutritional requirements for growth, and
mushroom fruiting characteristics.
References
[1]LIU Y,WANG SX,GENG XL,et al.Study on
the crossbreeding of hybrid strain no.14 of
Pleurotus eryngi[J].Edible Fungi of China,2011,
30(6):15-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]WANG ZR,LIU QY,XIAO Y,et al.Grey
correlational and ISSR analyses of Lentinula edodes
hybrids[J].Mycosystema,2010,29(2):267-272.
(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]SONG CY,LIU DY,SHANG XD,et al.A new
hybrid cultivar’Shenxiang 16’in Lentinula edodes
[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2010,37(11):1887-
1888.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]ZIETKIEWICZ E,RAFALSKI A,LABUDA D.
Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat
(SSR) - anchored polymerase chain reaction
amplification[J].Genomics,1994,20(2):176-183.
[5]ZHANG SQ,WEI CH,HU JW.Studies on single-
spore isolation and hybridize of Coprinus comatus
[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2012,49(1):
190-194.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]LI GX,HUA GD,WANG DM,et al.Agaricus
bisporus cross-breeding using monokaryotic single-
spore isolates[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2011,18(3):
17-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]XU Z,SHANG XD,GUO Q,et al.Cross-breeding
and selection of Flammulina velutipes G1,an early
maturing hybrid[J].Acta Edulis Fungi,2009,16(4):
20-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
7
ACTA EDULIS FUNGI Vol.20
[8]YAN Y,XU WT,SU CY,et al.Study on the
methods of extraction of Pleurotus ostreatus genomic
DNA[J].Science and Technology of Food,2011(9):
190-193.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] LIU Y. Assesment of genetic diversity and
physiological property of Lentinula edodes from the
wild colected in Panxi Region of Sichuan Province
[D].Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University,
2008.(in Chinese)
[10]LU B.Evaluation and application research on the
idioplasm resource of Lentinula edodes of Sichuan,
China [D]. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural
University,2009.(in Chinese)
[11]REN X,JIA L,YANG FL,et al.Research
progress on the protoplast fusion technique in edible
mushroom breeding[J].Biotechnology Buletin,
2008(2):42-44,53.(in Chinese with English
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