全 文 ：Research Advances in Tibetan Medicine Gentianopsis
paludosa Ma
BAI Ya-dong，XIE Hui-chun * ，WANG Wei-jin，JIN Pan-pan，HUO Xiao-jie
College of Life and Geographical Sciences，Qinghai Normal University，Xining，Qinghai 810008，China
Abstract The research advances in Gentianopsis paludosa ma in recent years were systematically discussed from several aspects including biolog-
ical characteristics，ecology study，chemical composition study，chemical element study，pharmacological research and clinical application．
Key words Tibetan medicine，Gentianopsis paludosa ma，Research advances，China
Received:December 1，2009 Accepted:January 25，2010
Supported by Sub-topic of National Science and Technology Support
Project(2007BAI45B04)．
* Corresponding author． E-mail:yezino． 1@163． com
Gentianopsis paludosa ma belonging to Gentianopsis palu-
dosa，is an annual herb，also known as Gentianopsis barbata
(Froel．)ma，grows at the altitude of 1 180 －4 600 m of flood-
plain，wetlands，hillsides grassland，locates in Qinghai Prov-
ince Haibei，Huangnan，Yushu，northern Sichuan，Tibet and
other regions． As a herbal medicine with the efficiency of elimi-
nating heat evil，detoxification and promoting diuresis， the
whole Gentianopsis paludosa ma has been used as clinical me-
dicinal plants in the Tibetan plateau，and has marked effect in
treating hepatitis，cholecystitis，pyrexia spot，diarrhea，gastro-
enteritis，scabies swollen and other diseases． Gentianopsis
paludosa ma is on the list of important exploitable Tibetan medi-
cine project of Qinghai Province［1］． In order to provide refer-
ences to further effective development and utilization of Gen-
tianopsis paludosa ma，the paper systematically discussed the
research advances in recent years from several aspects inclu-
ding biological characteristics，ecology study，chemical compo-
sition study，chemical element study，pharmacological research
and clinical application．
1 Biological and ecological studies
Gentianopsis paludosa ma is annual herb medicine，with
the height of 3． 5 － 40． 0 cm，stem solitary，erect or oblique，
nearly circular，branches at the base or no branches，basal
leaves 3 －5 pairs，1 －3 items veins，flat petiole，spoon-shaped
tip，narrow base like stem． Leaves of stem are of 1 －4 pairs，
sessile，oblong or elliptic lanceolate leaf with blunt tip，mastoid
edge，and obtuse base． Solitary flowers in stem and branches
tip;pedicel erect，flowers and fruits slightly elongate;Calyx tu-
bular，half the length of corolla，lobes nearly equal length，out-
side lobe pair narrow triangle，inside pair oval，all lobes apex
acute，white membranaceous edge，midrib evident in the back
and calyx extends into the wing;corolla blue or the lower
yellow-white，the upper blue，wide tubular，lobes wide square
rounded;gland nearly spherical and drooping;filaments linear，
anther yellow and oblong;ovary stipitate，linear and oval;cap-
sule long-stemmed，oval，equal length with the corolla or ex-
ceed;seeds dark brown，oblong or nearly circle． The period of
flowers and fruits is 7 －10 months［2］．
The paper was mainly concentrated on physiological and
taxonomic research of Gentianopsis paludosa ma． Gao Hong
studied that seeds of Gentianopsis paludosa ma had dormancy
characteristics obviously，because inhibiting substances of ger-
mination in seeds were playing an important role in seeds dor-
mancy． This inhibiting substance also had a strong inhibitory
effect on the growth of seedlings． Gibberellic acid(GA)can ef-
fectively improve germination rate of Gentianopsis paludosa ma
seeds，up to 47% at the optimal concentration of 300 mg/L．
Socked in warm water at 40℃ can significantly promote the
germination of Gentianopsis paludosa ma seeds，which can
reach the highest germination rate in the environmental condi-
tions at 15 ℃． Therefore，planting Gentianopsis paludosa ma
seeds in early May is advisable． Covering seeds by shade-net
in field can promote the rate of germination，of which the high-
est rate is up to 8%． Covering seeds by straw + shade net and
straw also has a high germination rate，while the plastic and
other materials that can increase temperature significantly
should not be used for Gentianopsis paludosa ma seeds cover-
age in field［3］．
Gentianopsis ma was a new genus that Ma Yuquan estab-
lished it by cutting valve Leaflet of Gentianas L［4］． Gillett［5］ and
Smith et al［6］ classified it to Gentianella，as a subgenus or
group． Bouman et al［7］ revealed the intimate connection with
Gentiana (L．)through ovule occurred，seed formation，seed
micro-ornamentation and the number of chromosome． But，
Pringle indicated that Gentianopsis ma had a more close rela-
tionship with Gentianella Moench， Comastoma (Wettst．)
Toyokuni，Swertia L．，because the gland of Gentianas L loca-
ted in the base of the ovary was different with those categories
located glands in corolla． Liu jianquan et al［8］ studied embryolo-
gy of Gentianopsis paludosa ma，and indicated that Gentianop-
sis ma should be the middle category between Gentianas L．
and Gentianella，and close to Gentianas (L．)． Combining the
Medicinal Plant /药用植物研究 2010，1(2):45 －47，51 Responsible editor:Jiang Li Responsible translator:Liu Hejun
characteristics of embryology，seed micro-ornamentation and
chromosome number，Shi gangrong［9］ indicated that Gen-
tianopsis ma might originate from Swertia L．，and was the mid-
dle category between Swertia L． and Gentianas L． ．
2 Chemical studies on Chinese medicine
2．1 Chemical constituent study Comparing with other anti-
cancer substances，Gentianopsis ma has a relative stable in-
hibiting effect on the growth of S180 sarcoma and other
tumors． Zhang baoshen，Wang huandi et al［10］ got six com-
pounds from the whole plants of Gentianopsis paludosa ma．
The ultraviolet spectrum of compoundsⅠ－Ⅳ showed absorption
characteristic of ketone compounds，and compoundsⅠ － Ⅲ
showed absorption characteristic of 1，3，7，8-tetraoxatetraco-
san xanthone． CompoundsⅠ，primrose yellow crystalloid，mo-
lecular formula C15H12 O6，melting point at 196 －198 ℃，posi-
tive reaction to FeCl3，identified as 1，7-dihydroxy-3，8-dime-
thoxy xanthone;CompoundsⅡ，yellow crystalloid，molecular
formula C16H14O6，melting point at 158 －160 ℃，positive reac-
tion to FeCl3，identified as 1-hydroxy-3，7，8-dimethoxy xan-
thone;CompoundsⅢ，yellow crystalloid，molecular formula C15
H12 O6，melting point at 157 － 160 ℃，positive reaction to
FeCl3，identified as 1，8-dihydroxy-3，7-dimethoxy xanthone;
CompoundsⅣ，primrose yellow crystalloid，molecular formula
C15 H12 O5，identified as 1-hydroxy-3，7-dimethoxy xanthone;
CompoundsⅤ，white crystalloid，melting point at 118 －120 ℃，
identified as β-sitosterol;Compounds Ⅵ，white powder solid，
melting point at 280 －282 ℃，identified as daucosterol．
2． 2 Toxicity study Currently，as a chief factor for Tibetan
medicine going abroad，the content of microelements in Tibetan
medicine，especially toxic microelements，were researched for
several times at home and abroad． Research advances about
content detection of microelements and heavy metals in Gen-
tianopsis paludosa ma are less，at present． Liu donglian et
al［11］ studied the optimum condition for microwave digestion and
hydride generation systematically，by microwave digestion-hy-
dride generation-ICP-AES determination for trace arsenic and
trace lead in Gentianopsis paludosa ma． The result indicated
that this method was simple and rapid;the detection limit for
trace lead was 0．68 μg/L，RSD was 1． 10%，the recovery ob-
tained 98． 9% －99．8%;the detection limit for trace arsenic was
1． 04 μg/L，RSD was 0． 76%，the recovery obtained 99． 3% －
100． 1%． But，without strengthening chemical speciation study
of the microelement in Chinese herbal medicine，just studying
the amount can not meet the clinical needs．
3 Pharmacology and clinical application
Studies
3．1 Pharmacological effect of main component study Re-
lated studies indicated that water extracts，chloroform extracts
from Gentianopsis paludosa ma，and Gentianopsis paludosa ma
medicinal granules could inhibit the spontaneous contraction of
rabbit duodenum and resist the intestines myotonic contraction
caused by Ach，BaCl2 and ergamine;Infused water extracts
from Gentianopsis paludosa ma 4． 30 g/kg，or Gentianopsis
paludosa ma medicinal granules 30 g/kg respectively into rats，
could have a favorable effect on diarrhea caused by castor － oil;
Infused water extracts from Gentianopsis paludosa ma 200 g/kg
into mouse could cause death，granules 100 g/kg for 3 days con-
tinuously had no obvious toxicity，water extracts 5 g/kg for 7
days had no obvious effect on serum of rabbits ALT and NPN．
3．1． 1 Bacteriostasis． Wang huandi et al［12］ studied that Gen-
tianopsis paludosa Ma had obvious inhibition effect on fungus
and bacteria． Except 1-hydroxy-3，7，8-trimethoxy xanthone
and 1，8-dihydroxy-3，7-dimethoxy xanthone， six chemical
compounds all had obvious inhibition effect on bacteria． 1，7-di-
hydroxy-3，8-dimethoxy xanthone had the most obvious inhibi-
tion effect;1-hydroxy-3，7，8-trimethoxy xanthone just had a
weak inhibition effect on bacillus subtilis，1，8-dihydroxy-3，
7-dimethoxy xanthone had inhibition effect on bacillus sub-
tilisand and staphylococcus aureus． 1，7-dihydroxy-3，8-dime-
thoxy xanthone had the most obvious inhibition effect on fun-
gus，and half inhibition efficiency on hair mould，phytophthora
capsici，pathogen of wilt of cucurbit;1-hydroxy-3，7，8-trime-
thoxy xanthone，1-hydroxy-3，7-dimethoxy xanthone had no in-
hibition effect on phytophthora capsici，alternaria solani，and
1-hydroxy-3，7-dimethoxy xanthone had no inhibition effect on
tobacco anthracnose［13］．
3． 1． 2 Antioxygenation． Wang huandi determined antioxidant
activities of alcohol extracts from Gentianopsis paludosa Ma
and other parts，by DPPH-free radical method． The result indi-
cated that alcohol extracts from Gentianopsis paludosa Ma and
other parts had antioxidant activities，and n － butyl alcohol part
had the most active［14］．
3． 1． 3 Immunization． Some data showed that mainly active
components of Gentianopsis paludosa Ma were oleanolic acid
and some varieties of xanthone． Active components found in
plants of certain proportion played two-way immune regulatory
role，and brought medicine activities for plants． Mi qin et al de-
termined mouse leukocyte phagocytosis by oleanolic acid from
Gentianopsis paludosa Ma and three groups mixing drugs． Re-
sult indicated that oleanolic acid had the promotion of the bio-
logical activity of leukocyte phagocytosis， while the three
groups mixing drugs inhibited［15］． This showed that oleanolic
acid had increased red blood cell immunity，promoted non-spe-
cific immune functions．
3． 1． 4 Anti inflammatory action． Mi Qin etc． studies had
shown that Gentianopsis paludosa Ma active ingredient (olean-
olic acid)was one of the main effect drug ingredients in anti-
hepatitis drug Zangyinchen(swertia musstii franch) ，which had
distinct function of reduce S-GPTs hoist in hepatotoxicity
caused by CCL4 ． In addition，it also had the function of protec-
ting liver，decreased enzymes，cardiac，diuretic and inhibiting
S-180 tumor etc［15］． In vitro cytotoxicity experiments showed
that oleanolic acid had a strong cytotoxicity for ovarian cancer
cells，and as the concentration increased，cell-killing rate in-
creased［16］．
3． 2 Clinical application study Gentianopsis paludosa me-
dicinal granules made from Gentianopsis paludosa have the
function of clearing away heat and resolving dampness． It can
64 Medicinal Plant 2010
be used for treating diarrhea［17］，cold，fever and hepatitis，cho-
lecystitis，pyelonephritis，hot eyes gall，sore and furuncle gall
for child． At present，Gentianopsis paludosa Ma in Tibetan
medicine widely used in the prevention and treatment of acute
and chronic hepatitis． Ren Yanming etc． studies had shown
that Gentianopsis paludosa Ma extract can remarkably signifi-
cant decreased the function of serum ALT，AST for CCL4 in-
duce mice acute liver injury model (P ＜0．01) ，increased SOD
activity (P ＜ 0． 01) ，removed oxygen free radicals and de-
creased MDA content (P ＜ 0． 01)． Gentianopsis paludosa Ma
extract could prevent liver cell membrane structure damage and
function deficiency caused by membrane lipid peroxidation;de-
crease encumbrance and liver cell necrosis induced by free rad-
ical attack［18］．
4 Conclusions
Tibetan medicine Gentianopsis paludosa Ma as the folk
herbal medicine most in use had been paid more and more at-
tention in recent． At present，the chemical composition and
clinical application of the herbal medicine had become the focal
point of the research，and mostly concentrated in the active in-
gredient separation，extracting and pharmacological action etc．
As its important medicinal value，the Gentianopsis paludosa Ma
plant resources development and utilization will certainly have
broad market prospects． Gentianopsis paludosa Ma as the im-
portant Tibetan medicine resources had been deep developed
in Gansu and Qinghai Province［19］． Along with the accelerated
pace of Tibetan medicine industrial production，its difficult to
guarantee the supply of wild resources． Meanwhile，in order to
prevent the degradation of grassland vegetation as the mass
collection of wild resources，artificial domestication cultivation
had become the main measure to protect Gentianopsis paludo-
sa Ma wild resources and supply medicine resources［20］． How-
ever，Gentianopsis paludosa Mas small seeds，low germina-
tion rate and easily die of seedling induce the artificial cultivation
very difficult． Through setting up variant seed treatment experi-
ments and field management measures and exploiting damped
seed germination characteristics and seedling cultivation char-
acteristics，Gao Hong et al［21］ have selected the optimized seed
treatment condition and field management measure which could
reference the domesticated cultivation technology of + Gen-
tianopsis paludosa Ma well．
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檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪
338 －346．
动态测定阿魏酸 CO2 超临界萃取溶解度及缔合模型关联
高瑞英1，2，3，傅 中1，李 震2，张秀宇1 (1．广东食品药品职业学院化妆品科学系，广东广州 510520 2． 广东省中药研究所，广东广州
510520 3．华南理工大学环境科学与工程学院，广东广州 510006)
摘要 ［目的］研究阿魏酸在超临界 CO2 流体中的溶解特性和规律。［方法］阿魏酸在超临界 CO2 中的溶解度采用动态法测定，HPLC法定量，
对溶解度模型 Chrastil方程和 del Valle-Aguilera 修正方程中的计算参数进行关联。［结果］在压力 10． 0 ～30． 0 MPa，温度 313． 15 ～343． 15 K下，
阿魏酸的溶解度摩尔分数在10 －6 ～ 10 －4，Chrastil方程 AARD为15． 185%，del Valle-Aguilera修正方程 AARD为7． 003%。［结论］修正后的溶解度
模型具有较好的关联精度。
关键词 阿魏酸;超临界 CO2 萃取;动态法;溶解度;
欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁
关联
(From page 47)
藏药湿生扁蕾的研究进展
白亚东，谢惠春* ，王伟晶，金盼盼，霍晓杰 (青海师范大学生命与地理科学学院，青海西宁 810008)
摘要 从生物学及生态学研究、中药化学成分研究、药剂毒副作用及药理和临床应用等方面，系统阐述了近年来湿生扁蕾(Gentianopsis paludosa
Ma)的研究进展。
关键词 藏药;湿生扁蕾;研究进展
15GAO Rui-ying et al． Solubility of Ferulic Acid in the CO2 Supercritical Fluid Determined by Dynamic Method and Correlation of Association Model