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期 刊 ：生态学报 2008年 28卷 5期 页码：2245~2245～2252

关键词：高寒湿地景观；空间格局；格局指数；若尔盖高原；

Keywords:wetland landscape, spatial pattern, pattern index, Zoige Plateau,

摘 要 ：基于Apack软件，通过选取景观面积指数、景观多样性指数和景观破碎化指数等景观格局指数，从景观水平上研究了近40a来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观空间分布格局特征的动态变化过程。结果表明：（1）高寒湿地景观空间格局以自然湿地景观为主要特征，自然湿地景观的斑块数和平均斑块面积均明显高于人工湿地景观。沼泽湿地景观斑块数最多，面积最大，所占比例高于95％；（2）高寒湿地景观具有高度的空间异质性。若尔盖县湿地景观的面积最大，占该区湿地景观总面积的近50%，湿地率也居五县之首；红原县和玛曲县次之；阿坝县和碌曲县最小；（3）高寒湿地景观面积呈先减少后增加的变化趋势。但与20世纪60年代相比，2000年湿地景观面积仍呈萎缩状态，总面积减少59857.83 hm2；（4）近40a来，若尔盖高原湿地景观呈集中连片分布，聚集度均高于0.95；优势度水平较高，但多样性指数水平较低。湿地景观的斑块数呈先下降后持平的变化趋势，而平均斑块面积则表现为增加的变化趋势；湿地景观分布质心也发生了明显的空间位移，经历了先向西北方向偏移1254km；再向东南方向偏移了11.33km；最后又向北偏移了1.1km。

Abstract:Based on RS, GIS and Apack software, the indices of landscape pattern, such as landscape area index, landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index, were chosen in order to describe the spatial pattern changes of alpine wetland landscape on the Zoige Plateau in the last four decades at the landscape level. The results showed that：(1) Spatial pattern of alpine wetland landscape mainly consists of natural wetland, of which patch number and average patch area were highly larger than those of constructed wetland landscapes. Alpine wetland landscape was characteristic of marsh wetland, which had the most patch number and the largest area, and its area accounted for more than 95% of the whole wetland landscape. (2) The alpine wetland landscape had the higher spatial heterogeneity. The largest area appeared in Zoige County, making up about 50% of the whole wetland area. Wetland ratio in this county was also the highest among the five counties. Comparably, Aba County and Luqu County had much lower wetland ratio than the other three counties. (3) The total area of alpine wetland landscape showed the tendency of “increasing after decreasing”. It decreased rapidly during the period of 1966-1986, with wetland ratio decreasing from 11.1% to 8.9%; but it began to increase after 1986, there was a rapid increase by 27026.68hm2 in wetland area and by 0.7% in wetland ratio during the period from 1986 to 1995; and it was slowly increased by 3326.94 hm2during five years from 1995 to 2000. However, compared with the wetland landscape area in 1966, there was still a large-area shrinkage by 59857.83 hm2in 2000. (4) The alpine wetland landscape showed the characteristics of concentrated distribution, with the contagion of more than 0.95; And it also had higher dominance and much lower Shannon-Weaver diversity index during the last four decades. The patch number leveled off after its decreasing, while the average patch areas went on increasing. In addition, the centroid of wetland landscape moved 1254 km towards the northwest direction firstly, then 11.33km towards the southeast direction, after that 1.1km towards the north direction.

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