作 者 ：李玲玲 李书田
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2012年 18卷 3期 页码：749-757
Keywords:manure, organic nitrogen mineralization, affecting factor,
摘 要 ：本文综述了有机肥氮素矿化和影响因素的研究进展。有机肥氮素矿化的研究方法主要有室内培养法和田间原位培养法。非淋洗通气培养法和原状土柱培养法虽不破坏土壤结构，但可能低估有机氮的矿化潜力；间歇淋洗通气培养法可模拟植物吸收不断移除矿质氮，适合大批样品的快速测定，但可能高估有机氮的矿化潜力。田间原位培养法包括聚乙烯袋培养法、顶盖埋管培养法和离子交换树脂法。聚乙烯袋培养法目前使用最广泛，但具有不透水、破坏土壤结构、矿质氮损失等缺点，顶盖埋管培养法虽可透水且不易被损坏，但可引起矿化氮流失。离子交换树脂芯法在不破坏土壤原状的条件下进行培养，虽费时、费力，但对土壤温度、湿度、通气状况反应灵敏，并可消除矿质氮累积的影响。影响有机肥氮素矿化的因素主要包括有机肥特性、温度、水分、土壤质地、施肥等因素。关于畜禽粪便的种类、熟化程度、C/N比、碳氮化合物组成等影响有机肥的矿化量和矿化动力学特征的研究较多。用有效积温来表示有机肥的矿化与温度之间的关系更为合理。目前，关于水分的影响，主要集中在干湿交替对有机氮矿化的影响；关于土壤质地的影响，主要集中在研究粘粒含量与有机质矿化的关系；关于施肥的影响，则重点研究氮肥、钾肥对有机氮矿化和粘土矿物固定氮的影响。今后，研究重点应放在有机肥矿化与有机氮组分关系、与植物有效性关系、有机肥替代化肥当量和替代率以及室内研究结果如何应用到田间指导合理施肥。
Abstract:This article reviewed the research progress in mineralization of organic N in manure and impacting factors. There were two methods for study mineralization of manure N, incubation in lab and in situ culture in the field. Non-leaching aerobic incubation and original soil column incubation methods did not destroyed soil texture, but might underestimated N mineralization potential. Leaching aerobic incubation method simulating plan uptake to periodically remove the mineralized N was suitable for rapid test but might overestimate the organic N mineralization potential. In situ culture in the field includes polyethylene bag incubation, top-open buried pipes and ion exchange resin methods. Polyethylene bag incubation method has been popular but has disadvantages such as waterproof, destroying soil texture and nitrate leaching loss. Top-open buried pipes method was permeable and protected soil texture from destroyed, but nitrate leaching loss was unavoidable. Ion exchange resin method incubating without destroying soil texture, although time and labor consuming, was sensitive to soil temperature, moisture, aeration and eliminated the impact of nitrate accumulation. Factors affecting manure N mineralization include manure characteristics, temperature, moisture, soil texture and fertilizer application. Studies mainly focused on the effect of different animal manures, compost maturity, C/N ratio and organic compounds on N mineralization. It is reasonable to use accumulative temperature to express the relationship between temperature and N mineralization. Studies on moisture mainly in the effect of alternation of wetting and drying conditions, soil texture mainly in relationship between clay content and N mineralization, and fertilization mainly on clay mineral fixed N as affect by N or K fertilizer additions. In summary, the studies in the future will focus on relationship between organic N mineralization and organic N components, plant availability of mineralized N, manure substitution equivalence and rate for fertilizer N and how the incubation results in lab will be applied in the field.
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