免费文献传递   相关文献

Effects of High Temperature Heat Treatment at 185 ℃ on Mechanical Properties of Ash Wood

185 ℃ 高温热处理对水曲柳木材力学性能的影响


摘 要:对经过185 ℃生产性高温热处理的水曲柳木材的力学性能进行测试和分析。结果表明:与素材一样,处理材弦径向弹性模量之间没有显著差异;高温热处理对水曲柳木材弦向弯曲强度和横纹抗压强度有不利影响,而弦向弹性模量、顺纹抗压强度、表面硬度等受此种工艺的影响很小。若将处理材与素材在实际使用情况下的力学性能进行比较,处理材除了在弦向弯曲强度上仍比素材低,上述各项力学性能均高于素。

Abstract: In this paper, the effects of high temperature heat treatment at 185 ℃ in commercial scale on mechanical properties of ash ( Fraxinus mandshurica ) wood were investigated. The results showed that there was no visible difference between modulus of elasticity (MOE) in tangential direction and that in radial direction of treated wood, which was the same to the reference. There were negative effects on modulus of rupture (MOR) in tangential direction and partial compressive stress perpendicular to the grain of ash wood by this method, but had hardly any effects on MOE in tangential direction, compressive strength parallel to the grain, surface hardness, etc.. If comparing the mechanical properties of treated wood with the reference in service condition, it was concluded that the above mechanical properties of treated wood were better than the reference except for MOR in tangential direction.


全 文 :! !"" ! ##
# $ $ %$ # %
& ’ ( )
&’()*+(, &(-.,) &(*(’,)
./01!"**/1#
2345*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
# $ $ %
67" 8a&I89nopq6:m)387vw
H T UVW
! "# nXm 67" 8iv3a&I897opq6:7m)38#$;_b+0&.’()*g-:F2*8
9:ec\m3VH:-V’IJFG.a&I89nopq6:e\Gp$abQxFF$a’J6vw*;
e\m3VH f^xFF$a (^m$als-~+f7vwx\&%@89:g-:+HfP2raY7m)
38#$]%*89:p.+e\Gp$adQ]-:[*d>C=m)38Ma--:&
$%&* a&I89.iv3.opq.3~&O.m)38
’()*+#&:7619 ,-./0#, ,12+#6$$6 ; :!773#$$%4$# ; $$%# ; $<
89:#*#$$: ; $% ; #%&
!""#$%& ’" ()*+ ,#-.#/0%1/# (#0% ,/#0%-#2% 0% 345 6
’2 7#$+02)$08 9/’.#/%)#& ’" :&+ ;’’<
-= +>/ ?@ -=>A4>=
:=&%/0$%* (A BC=D E>E3F*BC3 3GG3HBD /G C=IC B3JE3F>B@F3 C3>B BF3>BJ3AB >B 67" 8 =A H/JJ3FH=>0 DH>03 /A J3HC>A=H>0 EF/E3FB=3D
/G >DC<’)"0%#1+ 2"#3+41)%5"MK//L K3F3 =AM3DB=I>B3L5 +C3 F3D@0BD DC/K3L BC>B BC3F3 K>D A/ M=D=403 L=GG3F3AH3 43BK33A J/L@0@D
/G 30>DB=H=BNAI3AB=>0 L=F3HB=/A >AL BC>B =A F>L=>0 L=F3HB=/A /G BF3>B3L K//L*KC=HC K>D BC3 D>J3 B/ BC3 F3G3F3AH3 5
+C3F3 K3F3 A3I>B=M3 3GG3HBD /A J/L@0@D /G F@EB@F3AI3AB=>0 L=F3HB=/A >AL E>FB=>0 H/JEF3DD=M3 DBF3DD E3FE3AL=H@0>F B/
BC3 IF>=A /G >DC K//L 4N BC=D J3BC/L*4@B C>L C>FL0N >AN 3GG3HBD /A OP) =A B>AI3AB=>0 L=F3HB=/A*H/JEF3DD=M3 DBF3AIBC E>F>0030 B/
BC3 IF>=A*D@FG>H3 C>FLA3DD*3BH 5 5 (G H/JE>F=AI BC3 J3HC>A=H>0 EF/E3FB=3D /G BF3>B3L K//L K=BC BC3 F3G3F3AH3 =A D3FM=H3 H/AL=B=/A*
=B K>D H/AH0@L3L BC>B BC3 >4/M3 J3HC>A=H>0 EF/E3FB=3D /G BF3>B3L K//L K3F3 43BB3F BC>A BC3 F3G3F3AH3 3RH3EB G/F OPQ =A B>AI3AB=>0
L=F3HB=/A5
>#? @’/<&* C=IC B3JE3F>B@F3 C3>B BF3>BJ3AB.H/JJ3FH=>0 DH>03.>DC<’)"0%#1+ 2"#3+41)%5"M.40>AS G/F D/0=L K//L G0//F=AI.
J3HC>A=H>0 EF/E3FB=3D
6:Xa&I89G*5L:U/’7]3f
;j38_‘‘D7OP*m)38r>"89&
a P^-l+fx=7Q3KiJO7a7Y.*^
^.I896:7u2/4<+T33FLDJ> *, "6 5*
#$$"M&U=00=D<6%7!MD-a&i5T 6:" 8ed7
&an6:7Gp$abO3’x[vw*2z.
[7Zas6:&Q73)‘T E^+./efI
89x=vw&P4>B>N> l<#$$?KU>"8
9&a7Uab89P-7yj*6:7l1m3
VH /^[Gpum /^[GpuQ@r78.[&
V=0L=Wl<#$$$aY.*i5T 6"$ 8ed&aI8976:Y
.iO)I*;+CO6:./ 3^l w^HFo+
l6:&Qx=*ef89:w 8^9&a 8^9P
-l+fYZ7CUvwO)1*89&a 8^9P
-n6:m)3lvw/[*;&a,]P-F#*
OP6KD-Pm\I89TrPwx_,zC, o^F,M".[bcS,,7Ta*\e’t
9\6:m)$a.[7Za&&>AB/D<#$$$MKU
+ 67$ 8bcYnO2<715"6-8,1+M6:#$I8
9*nGpm3VHvwJ[*ZNK’\ZdU&
&@ALXM=DBl<#$$?()*67$ 8789P-"^
+ #1" C #^$$ 8789P-"^+ 6 C\ex)8
9G76:Gpm3VH G^p$abr(O3J
s%[vw*}(m$a+ 6<$ 8 #^1" CbcY8
9PXr’AY.&a6 +C3FJ/K//L WrKE7
xI896w){(m$a7.’Ta&I89+fn5vwm\*
Hfu2P\eJ*QR&
nA30*6:m)3lg5;_P7Fo+
7=3x[*P38vw7>?B>N> *, "6 5*#$$<.V=0L=W *, "6 5*
!""#.$%&’()*!""".$*&+,-.)’ !" #$ /*!""#.$0. !"
#$ /*!""1.2(3%454 !" #$ /*!""1.6()0.’%7% !" #$ /*
!"""M*[b+T@89:b-:k+ !" 8 7^n/
a #9:Z[7,:bcxerJ#$xe89z
m#$;_*6{7_I+fYZJO*n_:~/
37vw29’AFG*O-*p.2~ +^f:;^
+fYZlFG7vw*m)38;_PFo+J
F:3PTSTd>_I.’J{7O7&#E
O&=;7=\{f=B\{<;< =>!1 ? =>@A B
>=Mx6:E9m)3l_I:;{nD[UZ7m)38;_?-*_2+_IYu
@5k+ !" 8 7^n/a #9:7bcxe*fFo
+Q]‘ >: ? =9:+#$;_&9;n-~/3
\ x^eFo+[7a&I89:*zV>Y=a;
KV’;_\{\\YQ&
<% < gxI 8 9 6 w ){< 0’’C*DDEEE/
’04FG(E((+/ H.M?ivdF’@a&I89:Q/‘
Fo+O @: ? 1:=\D7LV*nXm =I9 8iv
3a&I897opq<%&#’()*+ ,#)-+.*&(/#M3~
&Of5-:7m)38*+Fo+7O<@:MbP
2bcYFo+JOt<%e8-%:DbcY#
SFo+%[PV(*2zT89:O @:*-:
<)U:D:*YOMO >:u!)raY#$;_*+
+0a&I89+fn6:m)38vw7OP*
OXm)387ca*6vG}u7\$3?\YQ]g&QR‘3~l
H6vG+P2PCb(mX)sJO(m/0E
z7+FR2*;cjS,[ln}yvG7(m
x]a’xa7#g*;_=>p.fxFFbQ
x?mGpD\*K@AQxCbFF$ab(m
$a38D\&
= :Og:;
!"! r7K’Dupr./
_:Oopq3~&O*55addO >A" GG
J =A" GG J != GGO #"" Kg3GB A&_:NQER*OF]@*Ij,^
{) 4^l Q^llNQ ="P_:&_:NZG*:=+5ja:\7
1}gQFPI\ =9 GG7Fo+_Ik*_‘ !
Pj\ @9" GG7_:*FP2"#$a&I89_
I*sFPRn]27-:&_:;eSnu]8
G*+?vQFo+_Ik f^89: -^:7lH*
9G2R:;g_Fo+_Ik7Fo+*#;[
if89: -^:7D:lH*er#$I89_I
ef38;_YxePYQP2&][g-G@_
:+f89: -^:+?26O>A.Z*k+I"
fzu7P*H/8r2&
@f89:dOY+f:;#$a&I89*
XJ&GHqjU&V =A" 8Sx]<-m7O:
D56M*f_:Fo+.V A:Z[G#w895
6*e =" 8g0B =7/aU&V =I9 8Sx& @ 0*-
Gow.&Q/56*f_:Fo+UV A:Z[
yz-0*89f.&Q/56/[&aHHx]
+ ="" 8<)FY1bF2&aM&f89:Xma
&I89G*@5g-:%FF3Vi => GG*9G
;e_2Snu\8

p_I.~G*p.+e<_27stb+^QF
o+_IP*K+gZb+^Q =BfxFF !^B
QxCbFF_2*tZO !*@*#7_22"#$
7OFo+x=Y7;_*tZO =*A*9OP2b
cY7_2&C)38;_7_25addI JiM] GG J => GG.
fxFF_2*A" GG J => GG J => GG.QxCb
FF_2*#" GG J => GG J => GG.(m$a_2*
=@9 GG J =A" GG J => GG&
!"# pqYZ490
=L!L= p*qr,‘-. QR‘UPQ]_2
Fo+7P-*>"M7LV*<%+?
$MNM$MNM$MNM$MNM$MNM$MNMNMNMO PMNMO
PMNMPMNMPMNMPMNMPMNMPMNMp = _2^r.‘p
Q.K/ = RF4C%F%’.(& (5 ’4)’ )C43.G4&)
$ P^+?(.-:b89:*<(.Gp_2*O(.(m$a_2&
$ 5(F ’04 F454F4&34*P 5(F ’F4%’4+ ’4)’ )C43.G4&)*< 5(F ’04 S4&+.&K*O 5(F ’04 )*F5%34 0%F+&4)) ’4)’ /
A>! !# U al*=I9 8a&I89nopq6:m)387vw
@_2k+8- !" # $^"%7n/a<-bcY7
xeFo+O &’(%Mb !" # !^!%7n/aFo+O )’(%Mbc7F&F/#a#$xe8
9&;_gTG*n->\7Fo+RF*+]g=
\17=(w@$aN+?pi‘ *%b (%#B
ox&
+’$’$ ]/pq FY,O6:Gp38+e c^
$B:\ZN7FJ[*EC=\{be47_I
>?F#$e\Gp38_I*e}BN"V(6
:Gp38&O.ea&I89+fn6:}~G
p]3T!’vw*<>?+#$Fo+O *%7
)UGp_IPK#$.c\Gpm3VH;_&
_IhFT*+neBf;_2#$st3e\G
p$a_IY*M#$(st37c\Gpm3V
H;_*]h_I\]<_‘c e^\Gpm3VH
be\Gp$a7Zg&
+’$’& 0123]4Gm56Bpq =P_:
+EH01Y*5ia%w\-=\1n$a_2
7#g*s;cjSn3~lH6vG(msFv
iQ/7b2\ms/4w\-[b+6:7Qx
FF]k@^Q/b#$6:<6$a;_P?‘
7FDCa&O-*<%YQ ,-../011<+(2)Mb:
<+’UCWr\{<345 6 $$+7M7LV*+?QQ
/O +%bFDCaO "’&$ //P7ZNhid>
$=m)38&eP-:(m$a_2M+ (%F
o+Y#$ & <;_*++ *%Fo+Y#$h~
7 &<;_*89:7 2<;_R^b+ *%Fo+
YgT&
$ .’g+0
! KI;Tn $‘\2+FG#$HTKI7’t+0:;*<%>?7
&#>7Tn7]=uVHMr9JdEH01g^7O<89: -^:C
=m)38M7 $ ‘>?n]#$n]+0*!n
?Tn82x=<>j7*$""!M*Ep2-;+0;_A_78
9: -^:m)38Zg&
!"# _t1]Q’2DkT3bc’(4c;o
]5cKLM
89:b-:Fo+MO *%P*C&e c^Gpm3VH738D\ef+)2KIoxY
\FG7 ! KI+0.’?( +&X(1\eH
-*IJT89:KT-:*e c^\Gpm3VH
:-T’F|7FG*}+!8 "’"!oxY*FGS
JIJ*hif{:-FN7n-e\N7]+*8
9: -^:+?O $’$&%b +’*!%*QR‘_2B
+oxl_IRFO-*}~FG+Hfu2P;
<\erGJh&ed_I.’b)a&I89+
fn6:E+JElJ+e c^\7]z3.eR
2*Jr‘Q6:X’7ec\m)]3:-7[
\=>&EeY+0P2e\Gpm3VHV(_
27Gpm3VH*#$n]+0&
Q # 6T46 $%?3Vbc’(4c;ou !gs)V
&’()# &*+ ,-. /0 12’234 (+56357 35 8’63’9 ’56 2’57+523’9 638+423/51 ’2 ,:; $% ’56 2*+ !<2+12 8+1=92
38D\!
59:;1<9= >:->;:9?;@
89: A:;09;B C--B -: D;E;:;1F;
xMN G;01 \{DF 5901B0:B B;H?09?-1 xMN G;01 \{DF 5901B0:B B;H?09?-1
e\m3VH GIJ ?1 901<;19?0. +" )+2’2 $ &)(’7 +" 2(&’) + (*)’$
c\m3VH GIJ ?1 :0B?0. ++ "!)’& $ 2"7’* +" )*)’! $ $2"’*
!" +’$(! "’)2!
!e=D\hSMO GK0*5_2BZ " 8 &"*YO&L1?9*GK0M A=; 1N/O;: -E 9=; 9;@9 @>;F?/;1@ E-: ;H;:P @9:;1<9= >:->;:9?;@*" 8 &"M A=; @0/;
O;.-CM"RFGJIJ*2!(.*YO&" 8 &" 01B!8 "’"!*9=; F:?9?F0. H0.N; E-: ! ?@ $’"! M 4E ! Q $’"!*9=;:; C0@ @?<1?E?F019 B?EE;:;1F; ?1 9=; H0:?09?-1 -E /;01
H0.N;*:;E;: 9- " M 4E ! R $’"!*9=;:; C0@ 1- @?<1?E?F019 B?EE;:;1F;*:;E;: 9- ! M A=; @0/; O;.-CM
!"! $<6T4TUs7Lc8DI
89: -^:Fo+MO *%P*C=m)38
D\?( $*n#S:-7FG#$ ! KI+07
.’fdYwhi7m)38Q3+?( &&
89:m)38Q3+O*
# 8
$S T $5
$5
U +""%&
w1*# (.89:m)38Q3+.$ (.C=
m)38.Yc\ S 5^+?(.89:b-:&h
i.’O"(.89:38]-:Z*\:RF&
_( $*&\0*Fo+MO *%P*89:7e
\Gp$a*e c^\CbFF$a+?O +"+’"*
!’***’7 GK0*)I\--:7 +$2’!*!’)*!’& GK0*
Q3++?X‘. T $"’$%*T )’+%*T +"%*! K
*( & ’ ( ) *!"
Q ! 6T46 "#?]QTi~TK7Lc8
$%&’! $() *)+(%,-+%. /01/)02-)3 14 20)%2)5 6115 %,5 0)4)0),+) 2)32 3/)+-*),3 %2 789 "#
38D!"#$%&"’ (#)($#"*$+
89: ,#$-"$. /)). -: 0$1$#$%2$
xMN 3$-% \{DF !"-%.-#. .$4*-"*)% xMN 3$-% \{DF !"-%.-#. .$4*-"*)%
e\m3VH 356 *% "-%&$%"*-7 89 :8;<; = >:?<@ 89 ;?><: 8 ?A:<=
e\Gp$a 350 *% "-%&$%"*-7 898<9 =>fxFF$a C)D(#$++*4$ +"#$%&"’ (-#-77$7 ") "’$ &#-*% ;B<> 8=e\CbFF$a E-#"*-7 2)D(#$++*4$ +"#$%&"’ *% "-%&$%"*-7 Bc\CbFF$a E-#"*-7 2)D(#$++*4$ +"#$%&"’ *% #-.*-7 A<@ 8 8(m$a !F#1-2$ ’-#.%$++ =8<8 =<; =8<@ =<:
Q : 6T46 "#?]QTi~T7Lc8DIu !gs)V
$%&’: $() +1*/%0-31, %,5 !;2)32 410 2() *)+(%,-+%. /01/)02-)3 14 20)%2)
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
5 6115 %,5 0)4)0),+) 2)32 3/)+-*),3 %2 789 "#
38D!"#$%&"’ (#)($#"*$+
89:g-:FG
G*11$#$%2$ H$"/$$% "#$-"$.
/)). -%. #$1$#$%2$
!
Q3+
I-#*-"*)% #-"*)JK
38D!"#$%&"’ (#)($#"*$+
89:g-:FG
G*11$#$%2$ H$"/$$% "#$-"$.
/)). -%. #$1$#$%2$
!
Q3+
!
!!!
I-#*-"*)% #-"*)JK
e\m3VH
356 *% "-%&$%"*-7 9<;;
" L 8<8
e\CbFF$a
E-#"*-7 2)D(#$++*4$ +"#$%&"’ *% "-%&$%"*-7 ><@9
#
!
!!!
M :<8
e\Gp$a
350 *% "-%&$%"*-7 :<=9
# M =9<=
c\CbFF$a
E-#"*-7 2)D(#$++*4$ +"#$%&"’ *% #-.*-7 ;<89
#
!
!!!
M 89<9
fxFF$a
C)D(#$++*4$ +"#$%&"’ (-#-77$7 ") "’$ &#-*% 9" L =<=
(m$a
!F#1-2$ ’-#.%$++ 8<=9
" M =I+0I.*gS ! N7DnN]<@*
;<8*M[-15N*FGIJ*}b)a&I89n
6:7Gp$a Q^xCbFF$a’%[vw.
;+e\m3VH f^xFF$a (^m$ad*8
9:g-:7FG%\*Q3++?F’ L 8<8K*
L =<=K*M =Oa&I89n6:} >=m)38;a&I897&#+fE9TPmP/L~/
76X^-Ki+e"P6:7~/3Y. d^d
n|3?a*;n6-bX^-7+eR2x>v&
N*77*+<8?:AMD-"T6X^-7+e*PXma&
8976:7m)38KiY.&p*5<8??;M+
0D-*>"6X^-7+e*6:Qu*r(O3
Y.*OP_-6X^-84->X9:-Sg6
-oi*!:.R2*Ae%rP6:7,l$al
6:ab$aY.&Gp$asfxF,gFF$
a:-7F?*|<;=<*8?:>M*OPBS,O6
:u3%\e\uGp$a*=u3[*Gp$a
\*\:RGp$a[*OOXq~‘ad"H*r
(O3_ITa/=P[]yx=Y7Gp$a_
I&Xed+0J1H-*a&I89Pmn6X
^-7+eR2*P6:Qu f^x,l$aY.*
#;ST.e\Gp$aY.&n-QxCbFF
$a7Y.*BS,O}bCbFF_IP6:‘
T+)Asm7:\’=*(mH5FTQxsF*
}smbS+\ab8UP*29rg7tJsm
bSKi7nSy*O’X6X^caH*&FU+
x\*6X^dsFbJsF7#6+V’hJY*
r_-Ki.7nSy;7,j*X;viF~g
6:x9TF|ca7,m*}~,myz-x9
:\7+mrb+>cFm7R2*;a&I89
:r_-Qu ,^l$aY.*Pvi}~,m78
mY.*O-STQxCbFF$aQ\&O’i
QxCbsF)]HRTs;F~/w7Qxn
)*%J1_‘a&I89:QxCbFF$aY
.7.J*OO+6:g[-1"T6X^-?*
.6:n)$a&s;F~STGpbQxCbF
F$aY.7EO\8T*a&I89P*X^-
[+)d7@;rp6X^-+evi7’@[K
i=3\u*X;PX^-[+)-/TVj.n
7‘+9B*y:6:} ==m)$aY.&
6:E+J7&#‘TT+1*X^-!‘A
KEl7R2*f?*6:m3b$a*;6-RB
‘$XEl7cl*f?*6:$abM35*8??;M&X^- 6^-7In|3M]6X^-
Z*+<>?7+fx=Y*\e,OX^- 6^-
JrKi+erb++e*FT+Cb./Ki.
>\7Q3<,O$$#.+D- "# $% P*8??:M*O-J1e$
a&I89:7e\m3VH (^m$a f^xFF
B?! =# U al*8:B Qa&I89nopq6:m)387vw
$aV’Q37U]&’#D-7TfxFF$a
_-7.JgxI896w){d(>7a&I89
FF$ar]-:a !"#JF:*&#EO\8T
ff-7TaFo+_27fxFF_I.’*g
<>?JOA:&XsFBcam*_-6:fx
FFst7&#EOT-~-7]y*rSh|3
bTX97n3b-"X^-AK7ElF!Ki
.]l*STn)st"6X
^-7+e*a&I89:7n)$aTY.7*}
3P,b)a&I89:7fxFF$a’Y.7
\8*’()*(+l<,""&M7_I.’)).}~e$*
6KU+’,,9+7bcS2 $-" .a&niz
.vm -#*_Y.Za>&aUabP-yj7
8A[&QR‘<>?Tw>?*_I2
?&
!"# ;<6T4TUs7Lc8DI
89:+Fo+O 0# -^:+Fo+O %#P
C=m)38D\?( 0*n#S:-7FG#$
* KI+07.’fC=m)38Q3+?( -&
X( 0*-1\eH-*%eC&HfP2Fo+O
{*89:pe\Gp$a:;*e\m3VH f^
xFF$a e^c\CbFF$a (^m$aD\M
a--:*Q3++?X‘. 1 02"#*1 ,!23#*
1 $02$#*1 $!2,#*1 %2!#*;89:e\Gp$
aQ9\--:*Q3+O 4 &#** KI+0()*
d>C=FG+!5 "2"-oxYMOIJ&
Q $ 9‘6T4TUs]QTi~TK7Lc8
%&’($ %)* +*,)&-.,&/ 0120*13.*4 25 31*&3*6 7226 &-6 1*5*1*-,* 3*43 40*,.+*-4 .- 84* ,2-6.3.2-
38D6789:;7/ <8=<987(9>
89: ?89@79* A==* -: B9C989:D9
xMN E9@: \{DF 67@:*@8* *9F(@7(=: xMN E9@: \{DF 67@:*@8* *9F(@7(=:
e\m3VH EGH (: 7@:;9:7(@) $" 3I&20 , !"I2! $" !3!2- $ %&02!
e\Gp$a EGB (: 7@:;9:7(@) $""2" $&2- $"&20 $-2$
fxFF$a J=K<89>>(F9 >789:;7/ <@8@))9) 7= 7/9 ;8@(: &-2" $"2% -,2& %2-
e\CbFF$a L@87(@) D=K<89>>(F9 >789:;7/ (: 7@:;9:7(@) -2- $2- 02% $2-
c\CbFF$a L@87(@) D=K<89>>(F9 >789:;7/ (: 8@*(@) 023 $2, 02$ $2!
(m$a 6M8C@D9 /@8*:9>> ,$2, ,23 $%20 ,2&
Q 9 9‘6T4TUs]QTi~T7Lc8DI4 !gs)V
%&’(9 %)* ,2+0&1.42- &-6 !:3*43 521 +*,)&-.,&/ 0120*13.*4 25 31*&3*6 7226 &-6 1*5*1*-,* 3*43 40*,.+*-4 .- 84* ,2-6.3.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
2-
38D6789:;7/ <8=<987(9>
89:g-:FG
N(CC989:D9 O97A99: 789@79*
A==* @:* 89C989:D9
*
Q3+
P@8(@7(=: 8@7(=Q#
38D6789:;7/ <8=<987(9>
89:g-:FG
N(CC989:D9 =C 789@79*
A==* @:* 89C989:D9
*
Q3+
!
!!!
P@8(@7(=: 8@7(=Q#
e\m3VH
EGH (: 7@:;9:7(@) ,2$I
" 1 02"
e\CbFF$a
L@87(@) D=K<89>>(F9 >789:;7/ (: 7@:;9:7(@) 02&0
"
!
!!!
1 $02$
e\Gp$a
EGB (: 7@:;9:7(@) ,2-I
" 4 &2"
c\CbFF$a
L@87(@) D=K<89>>(F9 >789:;7/ (: 8@*(@) 02-"
"
!
!!!
1 $!2,
fxFF$a
J=K<89>>(F9 >789:;7/ <@8@))9) 7= 7/9 ;8@(: 02,3
" 1 ,!23
(m$a
6M8C@D9 /@8*:9>> 02$,
" 1 %2!
6:E9m)>?1@6:+~"o/4a:
D~/P*Fo+e‘Q $#AC!7$aQ3e
++vO$a7Fo+Q]>Z=\U|*%#@Fo++ %# R $-#:-76:
m)38pi‘Fo+O $,#P7N*23dFo
+Q]>Z#$pi*JO7m)38’JO7Q
]>Z*n-<>?17C=m)38D\*]e\m3VH "2"$- e^\Gp$a "2"0 f^xFF
$a "2"- e^c\CbFF$a "2"0- (^m$a
"2"!&T9+Fo+ 0# R %#:-edQ]>ZJ
F|T:*}’ze!TF:7*X1J1e$OC
|fxFF$aX7OFo+P7[:7&*‘C
&P2Fo+YP*89:z]-:a ,!23#*;
ec\CbFF$aSTXIJ\--:QOIJ
[--:*(m$a%[:pec\CbFF$a
7Q3ra)3*F’e\m3VH+ ,~raY
Q3J[&O-\e,O-Ud>U]7&#EO
T6:7D[b+m)38MsFo+vwA:&
OPuAH‘*89:e\Gp$aSV’OW#
7{2g^sFo+vw[--:*;TQ9IJ
\--:*-U}~U]7EOKTOdF\{1
+07{2*=Gp$agr(O3bfx,l$
&% & ’ ( ) 0-"
a’q~a+u>*a&I89P6:Qu f^x,
l$aY.*;r(O3JsFo+Q]7vw*f
xF,$asFo+vw%\*5Fo+Q]>Z
F’ !"!#$*O-ST.89:7e\Gp$aQ
9IJ\--:*FTZa’A9\D.&
% .J
<%+?X9J+0bHfP2 &Bca>?
.a&I89+fn6:m)387vwefa&
I89:2-H63~7\$3&
#M89:g-:F2*e c^\Gpm3VH
:-T’F|7FG*}}~FG+! ’ !"!$ox
YJIJ*+Hfu2P;<\erGJh&
&Ma&I89n6:7Gp$a Q^xCbF
F$a’%[vw*;ne\m3VH f^xFF$
a (^m$a;%M+C&HfP2Fo+oxY*89:pe
\Gp$a;*d>C=m)38M]-:a&X
1\eH-*+ec\CbFF$a (^m$a G^
pVHl6:vGi5TH63~7=jm)38
D\d*a&I89:MJ])U:D:F*mVK
JO7a7a-)U:D:*O-Xm)caZ[*
a&I89:2RH63~T\$7&
d e , -
;=< ( #)*%" 6:) ( KL*1=&’-nq (
>j7 ( &!!$" +,-+.Zg%hg+0/ku2 ( KL*1=~$-
nq (
p*5 ( #))!" 6:Glbp*5 ( #))/ ( 6:) ( KL*1=&’-nq (
012213 4 +( #)*5" 0167 89:;9<=8><9 =?@ A79:1A=2 9BB9A83 C? DCC@ 38=E1218F (
G=<8 #" H9?9<=2 AC?31@9<=81C?3( 4CC@ IA19?A9 =?@ J9A7?C2C6F*#*<5M*
&*# K &)%(
LCA=9B9 M*-7=>@7@F CB 7167
89:;9<=8><9 8<9=8:9?8 CB =3;9?*9BB9A8 CB 8<9=8:9?8 ;=<=:989<3 C? D91678
2C33 =?@ :9A7=?1A=2 ;*//(
LC22:=?? T T G*-C89 R 4 U( #)/*( G<1?A1;293 CB DCC@ 3A19?A9 =?@
89A7?C2C6F( V ( IC21@ DCC@( 0D@*noE*GF%*ln ( KL*
1=&’-nq (
WE=8=F= +*I71E>8=?1 I*0=?=8= L*!" #$ ( &!!/" +BB9A83 CB 7167 89:;9<=8><9
O12? @<%&’(")*!&+# ,#()-+.#M!*A7=?693 1? :9A7=?1A=2 ;9 8C
79=81?6( RC>I=?8C3 R U( &!!!" S9A7=?1A=2 E97=Q1C>< CB +>A=2F;8>3 DCC@ :C@1B19@ EF
79=8 ( 4CC@ IA19?A9 =?@ J9A7?C2C6F*%5<#M*%) K 5%(
I71 R .*LCA=9B9 M*X7=?6 R( &!!P" S9A7=?1A=2 E97=Q1C>< CB Y>9E9A DCC@
3;9A193 79=8Z8<9=89@ >31?6 879<:C DCC@ ;<5M*&$$ K &$)(
I>?@]Q138 N*L=<233C? W*49389<:==?@ =A981A =A1@ AC?A9?8<=81C?3 BC<:9@ @><1?6 7F@E1<*38<9?687 =?@ 7=<@?933( 4CC@
IA19?A9 =?@ J9A7?C2C6F*5!J_99<@3:= N T*NCC?38<= S*G1[[1 U* !" #$ ( #))*" -7=<=A89<13=81C? CB
879<:=22F :C@1B19@ DCC@*:C29A>2=< <9=3C?3 BC< DCC@ ;91:;?@ 49J_99<@3:= N T*S1218[ 0( &!!$" -79:1A=2 A7=?693 1? 7F@DCC@*TJV\ =?=2F313 CB AC:E1?9@ 7F@DCC@( 0C2[ =23 \C7K >?@ 49‘12@1[ I*H9[9< + M*‘12@1[ ^ -( &!!/" S9A7=?1A=2 =?@ A79:1A=2 E97=Q1C<
CB 3;<>A9 DCC@ :C@1B19@ EF 79=8 ( N>12@1?6 =?@ +?Q1#P/& K #P//(
‘C3718=O= L* J=O9371 W*S=3=:183> W( &!!!" N9?@1?6 38<9?687 =?@
8C>67?933 CB 79=8Z8<9=89@ DCC@( RC>01234 *u+8
P)! &# U al*#*$ aa&I89nopq6:m)387vw