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Components and Amounts of Anthocyanins in Several Brassica Vegetables

芸薹属5种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析



全 文 :园 艺 学 报 2014,41(7):1451–1460 http: // www. ahs. ac. cn
Acta Horticulturae Sinica E-mail: yuanyixuebao@126.com
收稿日期:2014–03–10;修回日期:2014–05–12
基金项目:国家‘973’计划项目(2012CB113900);‘十二五’农村领域国家科技计划项目(2012AA100100);国家现代农业产业
技术体系建设专项资金项目(CARS-25-A-01);农业部园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室项目
* 并列第一作者
** 通信作者 Author for correspondence(E-mail:sunrifei@caas.cn;Tel:010-82109511)
芸薹属 5 种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析
张淑江 1,马 越 2,*,徐学玲 2,钱 伟 1,章时蕃 1,李 菲 1,张 慧 1,
孙日飞 1,**
(1 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京 100081;2北京市农林科学院蔬菜研究中心,北京 100097)
摘 要:采用高效液相色谱—质谱法对芸薹属中红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、红菜薹、紫色白菜和紫
结球甘蓝新鲜叶片所含花青素苷含量和组成进行鉴定。结果表明,这些蔬菜中花青素苷主要组分为矢车
菊素苷,兼有少量的飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛素苷。红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、紫色白菜和红菜薹中均含有
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–
葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的 46.51%、
56.04%、46.38%和 68.96%。紫结球甘蓝主要花青素苷成分为矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,
矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的
41.87%、20.58%和 16.02%。花青素苷含量最高的是红叶芥菜,为 719.04 µg · g-1 FW;其次是紫红色大白
菜,为 604.03 µg · g-1 FW;第三是紫结球甘蓝,为 264.96 µg · g-1 FW;最低的是红菜薹和紫色白菜,分别
为 219.07 和 130.02 µg · g-1 FW。紫红色大白菜中检测到 2 种特有的矢车菊素苷和 1 种矮牵牛素苷。
关键词:芸薹属;花青素苷;HPLC-MS;紫红色大白菜
中图分类号:S 634 文献标志码:A 文章编号:0513-353X(2014)07-1451-10

Components and Amounts of Anthocyanins in Several Brassica Vegetables
ZHANG Shu-jiang1,MA Yue2,*,XU Xue-ling2,QIAN Wei1,ZHANG Shi-fan1,LI Fei1,ZHANG Hui1,
and SUN Ri-fei1,**
(1Institute of Vegetables and Flowers,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;2Vegetable
Research Center,Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,Beijing 100097,China)
Abstract:Anthocyanins cause red or purple color in Brassica vegetables. The HPLC-MS method was
used to analyze components and amounts of anthocyanins in purple heading Chinese cabbage(Brassica
rapa L. ssp. pekinensis),purple pakchoi and caixin(Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis),red cabbage
(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata),and red leaf mustard(Brassica juncea Coss.). Totally 20 anthocyanins
were separated and identified in these Brassicas. They were major cyaniding,minor delphinidin and
petunidin. The main anthocyanins in red leaf mustard,purple heading Chinese,pakchoi and caixin were
acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides,acylated cyanidin 3,5-diglucosides and cyaniding-3-
sinapoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside,accounting for 46.51%,56.04%,46.38% and 68.96% of
total anthocyanins. The main anthocyanins in red cabbage were cyanidin 3-sinapoylsophoroside-5-

1452 园 艺 学 报 41 卷
glucoside,cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside,cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsophoroside-5-glucoside,accounting
for 41.87%,20.58% and 16.02% of total anthocyanins. The total amounts of anthocyanins were 719.04
µg · g-1 FW in red leaf mustard,604.03 µg · g-1 FW in purple heading Chinese cabbage,264.96 µg · g-1 FW
in red cabbage,219.07 µg · g-1 FW in purple caixin and 130.02 µg · g-1 FW in purple pakchoi,respectively.
Two specific acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides and one specific petundin-3,5-diglucoside were
identified in purple heading Chinese cabbage.
Key words:Brassica;anthocyanin;HPLC-MS;purple Chinese cabbage

花青素属于生物类黄酮物质,是构成植物颜色的主要水溶性色素之一,自然状态下花青素主要
与多种单糖结合,形成较为稳定的花青素苷存在于植物液泡中(Fleschhut et al.,2006;李韬 等,
2010;葛翠莲 等,2012)。大量研究表明,花青素具有抗氧化、抗突变、抗增生、预防心脑血管疾
病、保护肝脏、抑制肿瘤细胞发生等多种生理功能(高爱红和董华荣,2001;韩海平 等,2011)。
芸薹属(Brassica)蔬菜中的许多亚种或变种富含花青素苷,如紫色白菜、红菜薹、紫结球甘
蓝、红叶芥菜、紫苤蓝、紫芜菁和紫花椰菜等。近些年国内育种者相继培育出一批紫红色大白菜新
种质。孙日飞等(2006)通过红叶芥菜与大白菜种间杂交结合连续回交,获得了新型紫红色大白菜
新种质。张德双等(2007)通过大白菜和紫色白菜杂交,获得了紫红色大白菜与紫色白菜中间产物。
张鲁刚等(2009)从大白菜与红菜薹杂交后代中选育出紫心大白菜新种质。
目前对紫结球甘蓝花青素苷的种类和含量的研究较多(王倩 等,2010;刘玉芹 等,2011),
Panagiotis 等(2008)在紫结球甘蓝中鉴定出 24 种花青素苷,全部为矢车菊花青素苷,其中 9 种花
青素苷是首次报道。Lin 等(2011)发现了红叶芥菜中含有 37 种酰基化的矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄
糖苷、27 种酰基化的矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–二葡萄糖苷和 3 种酰基化的矢车菊–3–三葡萄糖苷–5–
葡萄糖苷。李长新(2011)发现紫色白菜花青素苷的基本成分为矢车菊素–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷。在
大白菜中,现仅测定了花青素总量及进行了花青素积累特性的研究(林文超 等,2011;段岩娇 等,
2012),而对于紫红色大白菜花青素苷的种类和含量及与其它芸薹属蔬菜中的差异和关系尚未得到明
确阐述。本研究目的是利用高效液相色谱—质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS)对芸薹属中富含花青素的 4
种蔬菜,即紫色白菜、红菜薹、紫结球甘蓝、红叶芥菜及新型紫红色大白菜花青素苷成分进行鉴定,
为准确鉴定花青素苷的成分和含量提供一种有效的检测方法,同时进行芸薹属蔬菜中花青素苷比较,
为其功能性质的研究提供理论支持,为筛选高花青素苷含量基因型材料进行定向育种提供依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料
试验材料:(1)红叶芥菜(P21921)为湖南黔阳地方品种‘红叶青菜’经本课题组筛选、自交
提纯后的材料;(2)紫红色大白菜(Z-1)为本课题组通过红叶芥菜与大白菜种间杂交并用大白菜连
续回交而获得的紫红色大白菜新种质;(3)紫色白菜(P22558)为一代杂种‘紫钻’;(4)红菜薹
(P22058)为一代杂交种‘紫艳红菜薹’经自交纯化的材料;(5)紫结球甘蓝(12-74)为中国农业
科学院蔬菜花卉研究所甘蓝课题组配制的圆球形、鲜食用紫结球甘蓝新组合。
上述材料于 2012 年 8 月 1 日在保护地内育苗,8 月 23 日定植于中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究
所北京顺义农场露地,10 月 31 日取植株新鲜叶片(取样部位见图 1)约 100 g,由北京市农林科学
院蔬菜研究中心检测。
7 期 张淑江等:芸薹属 5 种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析 1453


图 1 红叶芥菜(A)、紫红色大白菜(B)、紫色白菜(C)、红菜薹(D)和紫结球甘蓝(E)材料
黑框内为取样部位。
Fig. 1 Materials for anthocyanins detecting,red leaf mustard(A),purple Chinese cabbage(B),purple pakchoi(C),
purple flowering Chinese cabbage(D)and red cabbage(E)
The sampling part given in black boxes.
1.2 检测方法
提取溶剂为 60%乙醇水溶液,用 1 mol · L-1 盐酸调至 pH 3.0,料液比为 1︰20,50 ℃下提取 2 h,
离心过滤。滤液在 50 ℃旋转浓缩,取浓缩液过 0.22 μm 滤膜后进行 HPLC-MS 分析。
利用安捷伦液质联用仪 HPLC 1200 series,Ion Trap 6310(配有电喷雾离子源和 Agilent
Chemstation Rev. A. 09.01 数据处理系统,安捷伦科技有限公司)进行花青素苷组分和结构分析。
色谱柱:Waters XBridge C18(4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm);流动相:A 相为 5%甲酸水溶液,B
相为乙腈;进样量 20 μL;流速 0.8 mL · min-1;柱温 25 ℃;线性洗脱梯度:0 ~ 15 min,10% ~ 13%B;
15 ~ 45 min,13% ~ 20%B;45 ~ 50 min,20% ~ 23%B;50 ~ 55 min,23% ~ 100%B;DAD 检测器,
检测波长 530 nm。色谱柱分离后样品经三通阀分流后进入质谱分析。
质谱条件:电喷雾离子源;正离子扫描模式;离子扫描范围 m/z 100 ~ 1 500;干燥气温度 350 ℃;
氮气流速 12 L · min-1;毛细管电流 34 nA;雾化器压力 310.3 kPa;目标离子 m/z 1 000。
采用综合色谱相对保留时间、质谱分子离子峰和碎片离子峰等确定其分子结构。样品定量采用
外标法。由于十字花科植物中花青素苷主要为矢车菊素苷及其衍生物且结构多有不同,而实际中很
难获得所有成分的标准品,所以以矢车菊–3,5–双葡萄糖苷为标准品,其中飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛花
素苷亦以此为标准品计算。称取 1 mg 标准品溶于 1 mL 的 5%甲酸水溶液,再依次稀释为 5、10、20、
25、50 和 100 μg · mL-1,HPLC 测定并绘制标准曲线,得回归方程为:y = 45.22 + 94.53x(R2 = 0.999),
样品花青素苷以单位原料鲜质量中花青素苷质量表示(µg · g-1 FW)。
2 结果与分析
2.1 芸薹属 5 种紫红色蔬菜中花青素苷成分的确定
结合保留时间,UV 图谱、分子碎片和文献对各个色谱峰进行结构推断,获得了芸薹属 5 种蔬
菜中花色苷的种类和含量。如表1所示,各新鲜材料中花青素苷总含量从130.02至719.04 µg · g-1 FW,
红叶芥菜的含量最高,达到 719.04 µg · g-1 FW,其次为紫红色大白菜,为 604.03 µg · g-1 FW,再次
是紫结球甘蓝,为 264.96 µg · g-1 FW;红菜薹和紫色白菜最低,分别为 219.07 和 130.02 µg · g-1 FW。
红叶芥菜鉴定出了 20 种花青素苷。其中矢车菊素苷 19 种,占总含量 99.95%,飞燕草素苷 1
种占花青素苷总含量的 0.05%。紫红色大白菜鉴定出了 20 种花青素苷组分,其中矢车菊素苷 17 种,
占花青素苷总含量的 99.35%,飞燕草素苷 2 种,占总花青素苷含量的 0.59%,矮牵牛素苷 1 种,占
1454 园 艺 学 报 41 卷
花青素苷总含量的 0.06%。紫色白菜鉴定出了 19 种花青素苷,其中矢车菊素苷 17 种,占总含量的
98.55%,飞燕草素苷 2 种,占花青素苷总含量的 1.45%。红菜薹鉴定出 20 种花青素苷组分,其中矢
车菊素苷 18 种,占总含量的 99.34%,飞燕草素苷 2 种,占花青素苷总含量的 0.66%。紫结球甘蓝
鉴定出了 15 种花青素苷组分,全部为矢车菊素苷(表 1,表 2,图 2)。
在花青素苷结构推断过程中出现 2 个吸收峰的质谱数据(分子离子 m/z[M]+及碎片离子 m/z)
相同,但其保留时间存在差异,因此推断为不是同一种物质,可能是同分异构体。如红叶芥菜的峰
9 和峰 11,峰 14 和峰 16;红菜薹的峰 8 和峰 13;紫色白菜的峰 5 和峰 13;紫红色大白菜的峰 16
和峰 19。

表 1 部分芸薹属蔬菜中花青素苷的种类和含量
Table 1 Composition and content of anthocnyanin in Brassica vegetables
矢车菊花青素苷
Cyanidin
飞燕草花青素苷
Delphinidin
矮牵牛花青素苷
Petunidin

总计
Total 材料
Material 种类数
Number
含量/
(µg · g-1FW)
Content
种类数
Number
含量/
(µg · g-1FW)
Content
种类数
Number
含量/
(µg · g-1FW)
Content
种类数
Number
总含量/
(µg · g-1FW)
Total content
红叶芥菜 Red leaf mustard 19 718.70 1 0.34 0 0 20 719.04
紫红色大白菜
Purple Chinese cabbage
17 600.10 2 3.57 1 0.36 20 604.03
紫色白菜 Purple pakchoi 17 128.14 2 1.88 0 0 19 130.02
红菜薹 Purple flowering
Chinese cabbage
18 217.63 2 1.44 0 0 20 219.07
紫结球甘蓝 Red cabbage 15 264.96 0 0 0 0 15 264.96

2.2 芸薹属 5 种紫红色蔬菜中花青素苷种类和含量的比较
试验结果表明,5 种紫红色蔬菜中花青素苷以矢车菊素苷为主,兼有少量飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛
素苷。由于本试验中紫红色大白菜材料是由红叶芥菜和大白菜远源杂交而来,具有特殊的矮牵牛素
苷,在其它 4 种蔬菜中未发现。此外,紫红色大白菜、红菜薹和紫色白菜属白菜类蔬菜(AA),都
含有 2 种飞燕草素苷,红叶芥菜属芥菜类蔬菜(AABB),含有 1 种飞燕草素苷,而紫结球甘蓝属甘
蓝类蔬菜(CC),未检出飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛素苷。
对 5 种蔬菜中主要花青素苷进行比较,红叶芥菜主要花青素苷有 7 种,占总含量的 85.84%;紫
红色大白菜主要花青素苷有 6 种,占总含量的 86.79%;紫色白菜有 5 种,占 86.13%;红菜薹有 6
种,占 86.43%;紫结球甘蓝有 4 种,占 86.22%。
在红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、紫色白菜和红菜薹中都含有的花青素苷有 3 种,它们是矢车菊–
3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄
糖苷和矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷。根据上述推断,这 3 种花青素
苷在这 4 种蔬菜中的含量分别占其总花青素苷总量的比例是 46.51%、56.04%、46.38%和 68.96%。
紫结球甘蓝主要花青素苷成分为矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–槐糖
苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–芥子酰–芥子酰–
槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,占总花青素苷总量的比例分别的 41.87%、20.58%、16.02%和 7.75%。这 4
种花青素苷在其它被检测样品中均未检出,故为紫结球甘蓝特有的花青素苷。
在紫红色大白菜中还检测出两种特有花青素苷组分,即液相色谱中的峰 16 和峰 19,它们在质
谱中的分子离子峰和碎片离子峰都相同,因此这两种花青素苷物质推断的结构都为矢车菊–3–阿魏
酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷,但由于保留时间不同,推测二者不是同一种物质。若
要鉴定出二者的具体分子结构或空间结构,还需进一步试验,如利用核磁共振方法进行分析。
7 期 张淑江等:芸薹属 5 种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析 1455

表 2 供试蔬菜中主要花青素苷组成
Table 2 Anthocyanin components in Brassica vegetables
材料
Material
峰号
Peak
保留时
间/min
Retention
time
峰面积
Area
分子
离子
(m/z)
[M]+
二级质谱
碎片离子
(m/z)
Fragments
推测结构
Tentative identification
含量/
(µg · g-1
FW)
Content
1 4.54 34.6 465 303 飞燕草–3–葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin–3–glucoside 0.34
2 6.57 36.6 1 181 1 137,933,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–阿魏酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylsophoroside-5-feruloylglucoside
0.37
3 7.76 50.9 859 535,287 矢车菊–3–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-malonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.52
4 10.15 29.1 1 197 1 176,993,787,
535,287
矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
0.28
5 24.48 294.1 1 197 1 176,993,787,
535,287
矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
22.07
红叶
芥菜
Red leaf
mustard
6 25.98 321.5 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
25.10
7 27.61 153.7 919 757,577,449,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsophoroside-5-glucoside
6.54
8 29.12 142.1 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
5.26
9 31.71 330.3 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
26.07
10 32.77 807.8 1 197 1 176,993,787,
535,287
矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
78.87
11 33.89 709.9 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
68. 04
12 35.40 1 468.2 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
151.89
13 37.16 481.0 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5-丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
42.73
14 38.27 1 316.8 1 241 1 197,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
135.15
15 38.99 304.5 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
23.22
16 40.54 1 129.7 1 241 1 197,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
114.47
17 41.13 70.2 1 181 1 137,933,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
0.70
18 41.65 86.2 1 035 787,535,449,
287
矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.91
19 42.62 238.6 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
15.93
20 43.92 56.6 1 181 1 137,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
0.58
1 4.56 137.5 465 303 飞燕草–3–葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin-3-glucoside 3.33
2 7.18 19.5 627 465,303 飞燕草–3,5–葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin-3,5-glucoside 0.24
3 7.81 307.2 859 535,287 矢车菊–3–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-malonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
16.46
紫红色
大白菜
Purple
Chinese
cabbage 4 8.42 21.4 611 449,287 矢车菊–3,5–双葡萄糖苷 Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside 0.34
5 9.53 24.1 641 479,317 牵牛花–3,5–双葡萄糖苷 Petundin-3,5-diglucoside 0.36
6 12.41 94.1 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.97
7 12.89 30.0 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.41
8 24.51 162.2 1 021 773,535,287 矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
5.24
9 26.02 217.8 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
9.54
10 27.62 198.4 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–阿魏酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-feruloylglucoside
8.04
11 29.13 289.6 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
15.10
12 31.24 190.9 1 197 1 176,993,787,
535,287
矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
7.46

1456 园 艺 学 报 41 卷
续表 2
材料
Material
峰号
Peak
保留时
间/min
Retention
time
峰面积
Area
分子
离子
(m/z)
[M]+
二级质谱
碎片离子
(m/z)
Fragments
推测结构
Tentative identification
含量/
(µg · g-1
FW)
Content
13 33.87 399.4 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
23.60
14 35.39 2 422.3 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
180.17
15 37.44 170.9 1 125 979,449,287 矢车菊–3–芥子酰–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoyl-p-coumaroplsophoroside-5-glucoside
5.91
16 39.02 624.1 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-diferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
42.38
17 40.55 1 835.0 1 241 1 197,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
134.71
紫红色
大白菜
Purple
Chinese
cabbage
18 41.13 270.4 1 181 1 137,933,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
13.61
19 42.61 1 734.0 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-diferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
126.89
20 43.92 214.3 1 181 1 137,933,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
9.27
1 4.54 153.1 465 303 飞燕草–3–葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin-3-glucoside 1.59
2 5.92 32.8 627 465,303 飞燕草–3,5–双葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside 0.29
3 7.75 845.5 859 535,287 矢车菊–3–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-malonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
20.39
4 11.40 93.0 1 065 903,449,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-di-p-coumaroylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.96
5 12.33 1 247.0 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
31.30
6 12.81 42.8 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
0.36
7 15.72 25.9 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.19
8 24.47 33.9 1 021 773,535,287 矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.31
9 25.97 181.7 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
2.37
10 27.48 87.4 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
0.81
11 29.16 161.3 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
1.81
12 33.83 399.5 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
8.28
13 35.34 1 688.1 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
43.28
14 37.37 29.9 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.22
15 38.96 109.4 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
1.14
16 40.53 416.5 1 241 1197,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
8.74
17 41.10 51.5 1 181 1 137,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
0.43
18 42.58 362.2 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
7.27
紫色
白菜
Purple
pakchoi
19 43.87 32.3 1 181 1 137,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
0.28
1 4.50 170.5 465 303 飞燕草–3–葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin-3-glucoside 1.26
2 7.03 30.9 627 465,303 飞燕草–3,5–双葡萄糖苷 Delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside 0.18
3 7.59 407.0 859 535,287 矢车菊–3–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-malonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
5.18
红菜薹
Purple
flowering
Chinese
cabbage 4 8.22 44.8 611 449,287 矢车菊–3,5–双葡萄糖苷 Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside 0.21
5 11.16 92.1 949 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.87

7 期 张淑江等:芸薹属 5 种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析 1457

续表 2
材料
Material
峰号
Peak
保留时
间/min
Retention
time
峰面积
Area
分子
离子
(m/z)
[M]+
二级质谱
碎片离子
(m/z)
Fragments
推测结构
Tentative identification
含量/
(µg · g-1
FW)
Content
6 20.49 36.1 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
0.19
7 24.05 339.9 1 021 773,535,287 矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
4.07
8 25.57 956.8 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
14.30
9 27.24 395.4 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
4.99
10 27.64 251.5 919 757,449,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsophoroside-5-glucoside
2.60
11 28.75 457.9 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
6.03
12 29.50 47.6 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.23
13 33.46 3 935.3 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
63.70
14 34.98 3 705.4 1 035 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylmalonylsophoroside-5-glucoside
59.89
15 37.03 71.4 1 005 757,535,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylmalonylglucoside-5-glucoside
0.41
16 38.62 1 005.0 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
15.10
17 40.19 1 751.0 1 241 1 197,993,535,
287
矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
27.47
18 40.78 281.2 949 787,535,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
3.09
19 42.27 630.2 1 211 1 167,963,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsinapoylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
8.88
红菜薹
Purple
flowering
Chinese
cabbage
20 43.58 75.2 1 181 1137,933,535,
287
矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylferuloylsophoroside-5-malonylglucoside
0.42
1 4.54 1 327.5 773 611,449,287 矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside
54.53
2 6.76 41.0 1 141 979,817,449,
287
矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylsinapoylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.37
3 7.15 212.0 979 817,449,287 矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylsophoroside-5-glucoside
5.19
4 11.25 135.7 1 081 919,754,449,
287
矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-p-coumaroylsophoroside-5-glucoside
1.82
紫结球
甘蓝
Red
Cabbage
5 12.30 87.2 1 111 949,449,287 矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylferuloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.63
6 13.10 119.1 919 757,449,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsophoroside-5-glucoside
1.09
7 17.24 130.9 979 817,449,287 矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylsophoroside-5-glucoside
1.61
8 18.97 128.7 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
1.51
9 20.43 53.6 949 787,449,287 矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-feruloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.35

10 21.60 64.4 935 449,287 矢车菊–3–咖啡酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside
0.59
11 28.03 1 054.2 919 757,449,287 矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-p-coumaroylsophoroside-5-glucoside
42.44
12 29.28 2 603.0 979 817,449,287 矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylsophoroside-5-glucoside
110.95
13 33.85 272.3 1 125 979,449,287 矢车菊–3–芥子酰–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoyl-p-coumaroplsophoroside-5-glucoside
7.86
14 35.44 444.8 1 155 993,949,287 矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-sinapoylferuloylsophoroside-5-glucoside
15.49
15 36.44 558.8 1 185 1 023,817,449,
287
矢车菊–3–芥子酰–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷
Cyanidin 3-disinapoylsinapoylsophoroside-5-glucoside
20.53

1458 园 艺 学 报 41 卷
图 2 芸薹属 5 种蔬菜液相色谱图(530 nm)
图中各峰推测的结构见表 2。
Fig. 2 HPLC chromatogram for the anthocyanins of Brassica vegetables extract recorded at 530 nm
Putative identification of anthocyanins for peaks detected in chromatograms are shown in Table 2.
3 讨论
3.1 紫红色大白菜花青素苷的含量和组分
本试验在特定的条件下,鉴定了紫红色大白菜花青素苷的含量和组成,以往关于紫红色大白菜
花青素苷种类未曾报道。通过与其它 4 种芸薹属蔬菜花青素苷的含量和组成的比较,得到白菜类蔬
7 期 张淑江等:芸薹属 5 种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析 1459

菜中普遍含有的 3 种矢车菊素苷。在紫红色大白菜中检测出 2 种特有的矢车菊素苷和 1 种矮牵牛素
苷。此外,在紫红色大白菜中主要含有的花青素苷皆为酰基化的矢车菊素苷,并且其含量远高于其
它白菜类蔬菜如红菜薹、紫色白菜,因此紫红色大白菜作为天然的花青素苷来源具有广阔的应用前
景(刘栋 等,2003;吴敏 等,2008)。
3.2 叶色改良及定向育种
十字花科芸薹属蔬菜主要包括白菜类蔬菜、芥菜类蔬菜和甘蓝类蔬菜,遗传类型丰富,变异广
泛,这为进行芸薹属植物种间及近缘种间杂交,创造新种质、新类型提供了丰厚的物质基础。在过
去的几十年间通过有性杂交和原生质体融合等方法,把许多优良基因向芸薹属栽培种中转移,创造
出一大批蔬菜新品种与新类型(Takuro & Toshiaki,1986;Brewer et al.,1999;Luo et al.,2003;
Chen et al.,2005;乔海云 等,2012)。
本研究中获得的紫红色结球大白菜新种质颜色亮丽,花青素含量高,并且叶片紫红色性状相对
于绿色性状表现为显性,这有利于配置杂种一代(孙日飞 等,2006)。该种质经纯化后与不同结球
类型、不同熟期的大白菜自交不亲和系配置一代杂种,可培育出多种类型的紫红色大白菜新品种,
如直筒舒心型、合抱类型等。此外,该种质具有高花青素含量的特点,其花青素含量是紫色白菜的
4.6 倍,红菜薹的 2.8 倍,紫结球甘蓝的 2.3 倍,如向其他白菜类蔬菜(如白菜、菜薹、乌塌菜等)
转育,可改良或培育出高花青素含量的新品种。

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