挖掘作物产量潜力，探索作物高产新途径，实现产量新突破一直是作物科学的艰巨任务。本文在分析作物逆境反应的补偿基本规律和机制基础上，提出了作物广义补偿的概念，即作物系统的构成因子间发生不平衡变化，并通过系统调节使得不同程度变化因子之间产生补偿效应统称为作物补偿。按其变化因子间的变化程度不同，可分为得失补偿和差异补偿。得失补偿是指作物系统在一定层次上，有些因子损失原有的性能为代价以换取另外因子的改善和提高，这通常出现在逆境条件中，是作物最普遍最基本的一种补偿。差异补偿是指作物系统在一定层次构成因子共同增效中，增量多的因子与增量少的因子间通过相互作用而获得补偿的特殊现象。作物补偿在补偿效果上可分为超量补偿、等量补偿和部分补偿；在补偿的层次和范围上也表现出多元化的特征，即在作物与环境、作物内部各因子间以及从群落到分子水平各层次均可存在补偿机制。基于作物于广义补偿和产量分析的“三合结构”基本框架，指出作物高产突破是基于得失补偿基础上重点突破差异补偿，所采取的技术途径是结构性挖潜和功能性挖潜，两条途径在作物超高产实践中一直发挥着重要作用。进一步深入研究作物补偿机制及其挖潜途径将更加有力地推动高产突破的进程。
High yield is an invariable theme in crop science, and the exploration of crop yield potential is a hotspot of crop science researches. While great strides have been made in exploring the breakthrough of crop yield potential, the capability of over-compensation effects was considered to be a potential untouched part for higher grain yield. In this article, the concept, types, functionary effects and mechanisms of crop compensation were commentated, and a broad sense of crop compensation concept was presented on the basis of integrated analysis. Unbalanced changes often taking place in different factors in different hierarchies or same hierarchy, by the function of systemic regulation, some factors could be improved. That is crop compensation. Compensative effects are ubiquitous in crop system, there are not only “gain and loss” compensations in adverse conditions, but also “asynchronous improved” ones in favorable conditions and even sometimes in high yield plant populations. “Gain and loss” compensation was defined as crop could improve some important elements at the cost of depressing or losing its intrinsic performances of some other elements at specific hierarchy. When the crop population and the single plant are almost in perfect harmony, no more gains could be obtained by “Gain and loss” compensation, a new way must be found to break the yield limit. And “asynchronous improved” compensation might be fall back on. In the synchronous improvements of composing elements at specific hierarchy, one lesser improvement of some element might promote a significant improve of other element. This kind of change in crop system was defined as “asynchronous improved” compensation. Once one limited factor was improved, some other factors in crop system might change and a new harmonization at the higher level will be formed, correspondingly the crop yield would increases to a new level. On the basis of crop compensation effects and the “three combination structure” yield theory, two effective approaches, “structural exploration” and “functional exploration”, were put forward and carried out in exploring crop yield potential, and the mechanisms and the application effects of the approaches were expatiated from the overcompensation profile, which would provide an instructive guidance for higher crop yield.
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