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Research progress on active components of Antrodia cinnamomea and their pharmacological effects

牛樟芝化学成分及其药理作用研究进展



全 文 :中草药 Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 第 47 卷 第 6 期 2016 年 3 月

·1034·
牛樟芝化学成分及其药理作用研究进展
张远腾,李晓波*
上海交通大学药学院,上海 200240
摘 要:牛樟芝 Antrodia cinnamomea 是原产于台湾的药用真菌,主要含有三萜、多糖、腺苷等化学成分,具有抗癌、免疫
调节、抗炎等多种药理活性,近年来牛樟芝逐渐成为研究的热点。综述了近年牛樟芝化学成分及药理作用的研究进展,为牛
樟芝的进一步开发利用提供参考。
关键词:牛樟芝;药用真菌;三萜;多糖;免疫调节;抗癌
中图分类号:R282.71 文献标志码:A 文章编号:0253 - 2670(2016)06 - 1034 - 09
DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2016.06.027
Research progress on active components of Antrodia cinnamomea and their
pharmacological effects
ZHANG Yuan-teng, LI Xiao-bo
School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Abstract: Antrodia cinnamomea is a medicinal fungi originated in Taiwan. It is rich of triterpene substances, polysaccharide, and
adenosine, and exhibits pharmacological activity of antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory effects, and so on. In recent
years, it gradually becomes the hot spot about application and research of A. cinnamomea due to more and more research reports. This
paper reviews the biological characteristics, chemical constituents, and pharmacological effects of A. cinnamomea, which can provide
the references for future research and application of A. cinnamomea.
Key words: Antrodia cinnamomea T. T. Chang & W. N. Chou; medicinal fungi; triterpene; polysaccharide; immunomodulatory;
anticancer

牛樟芝 Antrodia cinnamomea T. T. Chang & W. N.
Chou 为中国台湾道地药材,又名樟芝、樟菇、牛樟
菇、红樟芝、血灵芝,属担子菌门菌蔁纲无褶菌目多
孔菌科薄孔菌属[1]。牛樟芝生长环境较苛刻,仅见台
湾的桃园、苗栗、南投、高雄及屏东等海拔 450~2 000
m 深山密林中,腐生于台湾保育树种牛樟树
Cinnamomum kanehirai Hay 树干的中空内部或倒伏树
干的表面。牛樟芝在民间应用历史已有 200 年,台湾
原住民认为牛樟芝具有解酒、解食物中毒、止腹泻
和止吐作用,可以治疗肝脏病变以及缓解体力透支
症状[2]。由于牛樟芝功效显著、产量小且价格昂贵,
被誉为“森林中的红宝石”。现代药理研究表明,牛
樟芝具有抗肿瘤、保肝、免疫调节、降血压、降胆固
醇、抑制血小板凝集等生理活性,自 1990 年开始逐
渐成为台湾研究最热门的抗癌药物及保健品之一。
牛樟芝原为台湾特有的野生真菌,近年来逐渐兴
起了人工培养。目前福建、云南、江西、浙江、河南、
辽宁等地已开始了大规模培养繁殖。人工培养方法主
要有 4 种,分别为椴木栽培法、固体培养法、液体发
酵法、皿培式培养法。不同的培养方法对牛樟芝中化
学成分的量和种类有一定影响[3]。其中椴木培养法所
得产物与野生牛樟芝成分最为相似,但培养周期较
长,未被广泛采用;其他 3 种培养方法由于周期短、
产率高等优势已得到广泛应用。见表 1。
近年来有关牛樟芝中化学成分及药理作用的研
究取得较大进展,现将近 5 年来研究进展进行综述,
为牛樟芝的进一步开发利用提供参考依据。
1 化学成分
目前从牛樟芝中分离得到的化学成分已超过
200 种,包括烷醛、芳香烃、羧酸、脂肪酸酯、腺

收稿日期:2015-09-15
作者简介:张远腾(1990—),女,河北邢台人,硕士在读,研究方向为生药学。E-mail: tuantuan@sjtu.edu.com
*通信作者 李晓波(1963—),教授,主要从事天然药物研究。Tel: (021)34204806 E-mail: xbli@sjtu.edu.cn
中草药 Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 第 47 卷 第 6 期 2016 年 3 月

·1035·
表 1 牛樟芝人工培养方法比较
Table 1 Comparison on artificial cultivation methods of A. camphorata
培养方法 生长环境 优点 缺点
椴木栽培法 野生牛樟树椴木 与野生樟芝成分相同,疗效相当 培养周期长(2~3 年),费用昂贵
纤维物、糖类、五谷杂粮等组成
的培养基
培养周期较短(3~7 个月) 与野生樟芝化学成分差别较大 固体培养法

皿式培养法 琼脂培养基 培养周期较短(4 个月左右),与野
生樟芝活性成分大体相同
产物缺乏某些牛樟芝子实体中特有
的小分子活性物质
液体发酵法 大容量液体发酵槽 培养周期短,7~14 d 即可得菌丝体 产物多为多糖类,得不到野生樟芝特
有的三萜类及樟菇酸类成分

苷等初级代谢产物,另有精油、多糖、三萜、超氧
化物歧化酶、凝集素、微量元素、苯的衍生物、安
卓奎诺尔等。其中,三萜、多糖、马来酸衍生物、
安卓奎诺尔为牛樟芝的主要活性成分。
1.1 三萜、类固醇及甾体皂苷类
迄今从牛樟芝中共发现 30 多种三萜类化合物,
大多从野生或椴木培育的子实体中分离得到,人工
培养产物所含三萜类化合物的种类较少。牛樟芝三
萜苷元多为四环三萜,分为羊毛脂甾烷型、麦角甾
烷型 2 种。从牛樟芝中分离的三萜及甾体皂苷类化
学成分结构见图 1 和表 2。
1.2 多糖及糖蛋白类
牛樟芝中的多糖为 β-D-葡聚糖结构,具有免
疫调节活性。Yang 等[9]从菌丝体中分离得到了 4
种多糖,相对分子质量分别为<5、5~30、30~
100、>100。Fa 等[10]及 Chiu 等[11]利用碱提酸沉
法并通过琼脂糖凝胶柱色谱从牛樟芝液态发酵菌
丝体中分离得到了糖蛋白 antrodan,相对分子质
量为 4.42×105,糖醛酸量(152.6±0.8)mg/g,
蛋白质量 71.0%。Tsai 等[12]通过水提醇沉法从樟
芝深层液态发酵菌丝体中制得了水溶性多糖。
Cheng 等[13]通过木瓜蛋白酶消化,从牛樟芝深层
液态发酵菌丝体中分离得由肌糖、海藻糖、半乳
糖、葡萄糖组成的硫酸盐多糖。Han 等[14]用水提
氯仿萃取从牛樟芝菌丝体中制得中性多糖,相对
分子质量为 1.29×106。

R6
O
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
1
2
3 4
28 29
5
6
7
8910
19 11
1213
14 15
16
17
18
30
O
H
OH
COOH
O
O
R1
H
COOH
O OH
O
OH
O

1~23 24 25、26 27
O
O
OH
O
OH
HO
O
OH
O
OH
F HO
HOH2C
OH
HOOC
HO
R1
HOOC
HO

28 29 30 31~33 34
HO
O
Glc
OH
OH
O
OH
Rha
OH
HO
HO
HO
O O

HO
O
COOH

35 36 37 38
图 1 牛樟芝中三萜及甾体皂苷类化合物及母核
Fig. 1 Structures of triterpenoids and steroidal glycosides in A. cinnamomea
中草药 Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 第 47 卷 第 6 期 2016 年 3 月

·1036·
表 2 牛樟芝中发现的三萜和甾体皂苷类成分
Table 2 Triterpenoids and steroidal glycosides in A. cinnamomea
序号 化合物名称 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 文献
1 樟菇酸 A(antcin A) =O H H2 H2 H COOH 1,4
2 樟菇酸 B(antcin B) =O H =O H2 H COOH 1,4-5
3 樟菇酸 C(antcin C) =O H β-OH H2 H COOH 1,4-5
4 樟菇酸 D(antcin D) =O H =O H2 α-OH COOH 4
5 樟菇酸 H(antcin H) α-OH H =O α-OH H COOH 1,5
6 樟菇酸 I(antcin I) α-OH H =O H2 H COOH 1
7 樟菇酸 K(antcin K) α-OH OH β-OH H2 H COOH 1,5
8 樟菇酸 N(antcin N,camphoratin A) α-OH H β-OH α-OH H COOH 1
9 methyl antcinate A(camphoratin J) =O H H2 H2 H COOCH3 1
10 methyl antcinate B(zhankuic acid A methyl ester)=O H =O H2 H COOCH3 1
11 methyl antcinate G =O H α-OAc,
β-H
H2 α-H COOCH3 4
12 methyl antcinate H α-OH,β-H H =O α-OH,
β-H
α-H CH3 4
13 methyl antcinate K α-OH β-OH β-OH H2 H COOCH3 1
14 methyl antcinate N α-OH H β-OH α-OH H COOCH3 1
15 zhankuic acid D =O H =O H2 H COOCH2CH3 6
16 zhankuic acid E α-OH H =O α-OH H COOCH2CH3 6
17 camphoratin B α-OH H β-OH H2 H COOH 7
18 camphoratin C α-OH α-CH3 β-OH H2 H COOH 7
19 camphoratin D =O H β-OH H2 OH COOH 7
20 camphoratin E α-OH H =O H2 H COOCH3 7
21 camphoratin F =O H β-OH H2 H COOCH3 7
22 camphoratin G =O H α-OH H2 H COOH 7
23 camphoratin H =O H H2 H2 H CH (CH3)2 7
24 camphoratin I
25 antcin E H2 4
26 antcin F α-H,β-OH 4
27 ganoderic acid A 1
28 cortisone 1
29 dexamethasone 1
30 lanosta-8,24-dien-3β,15α,21-triol 8
31 dehydrosulphurenic acid α-OH 7
32 dehydroeburicoic acid H 7
33 15α-acetyldehydrosulphurenic acid α-OAc 1
34 eburicoic acid 1
35 ergostatrien-3β-ol 1
36 ginsenoside Rh2 1
37 ouabain 1
38 glycyrrhetic acid 1
中草药 Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 第 47 卷 第 6 期 2016 年 3 月

·1037·
1.3 琥珀酸及马来酸衍生物
琥珀酸及马来酸衍生物具有抗炎作用。Wu
等[15]从牛樟芝菌丝体甲醇提取物中分离得到马来
酸及马来酸酐衍生物,分别为 antrocinnamomin
A~H(39~46),antrodin A~C(47~49);其
中 antrocinnamomin A~D 为首次分离得到。此外,
Nakamura 等[16]从牛樟芝菌丝体中分离得到 2 种琥
珀酰 亚胺: 3R*,4S*-1-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-
methyl-2-butenyloxy) phenyl] pyrrolidine-2,5-dione
( 50 ) 及 3R*,4R*-1-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-
methyl-2-butenyloxy) phenyl] pyrrolidine-2,5-dione
(51)。琥珀酸及马来酸衍生物结构见图 2。
1.4 安卓奎诺尔及其衍生物
安卓奎诺尔(antroquinonol)是一种仅存在于
牛樟芝发酵菌丝体中的泛醌衍生物,属于亲脂型苯
醌,具有抗癌作用[17-18]。安卓奎诺尔及其衍生物结
构见图 3。
1.5 倍半萜烯及苯的衍生物
从牛樟芝菌丝体及子实体中分离鉴定了苯醌、
苯基、联苯化合物、倍半萜烯及 antrocin 、
γ-dodecalactone[18-21]。结构见图 4。
1.6 其他
此外,还从牛樟芝中分离得腺苷有效部位[22],
具有活化腺苷受体的生理活性。
O
OAc
N OO
HO
OH
N OO
HO
O OO

O
O OHO
O
N OO
OH

39 40 41 42 43
N OO
OH
HO

O
N OO
H
OH
O
MeO

O
N OO
H
OH
O
MeO

O
O OO

44 45 46 47
O
H
N OO
O
N
OH
O O
O
N OO
OH
H H
O
N OO
OH
H H
R R

48 49 50 51
图 2 牛樟芝中琥珀酸及马来酸衍生物结构
Fig. 2 Structures of maleic acid and succinic acid derivatives in A. cinnamomea
Me
OH
OMe
MeO
O
Me
MeMeMe

O
O
O
OAc
O
O

O
O
O
OH
O
O

安卓奎诺尔 4-acetylantroquinonol B antroquinonol B
图 3 牛樟芝中安卓奎诺尔及其衍生物结构
Fig. 3 Structures of antroquinonol and its derivatives in A. cinnamomea
中草药 Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 第 47 卷 第 6 期 2016 年 3 月

·1038·
O
H3CO
H3CO
O
O
H3CO
O
OH
H3CO
OH
OCH3
HO
H3CO
OH
CH3

OH
OH
O
O

O
O
O
O
OH
OH
O
O O
O
OMe
MeMe OMeMeO
OMe
OCH3
OCH3H3CO
OCH3
OCH3
O
O

OO
OO
OO
R1R4
R3 R2
antrocamphin apiol antrocin γ-dodecalactone
图 4 牛樟芝中倍半萜烯和苯的衍生物化学结构
Fig. 4 Chemical structures of sesquiterpenes and benzenoids in A. cinnamomea
2 药理作用
牛樟芝被台湾原住民用以解宿醉、解食物中毒、
治疗肝脏病变等,由于功效显著逐渐被世人熟知,
近年来国内外学者对其进行的大量药理学研究表
明,牛樟芝具有抗癌、保肝、抗炎、免疫调节、神
经保护等药理作用。
2.1 抗肿瘤作用
牛樟芝中的三萜类、多糖、马来酸衍生物、安
卓奎诺尔均有抗肿瘤作用,其粗提物在台湾民间被
广泛用于治疗肿瘤。牛樟芝的抗肿瘤作用是通过细
胞毒作用、抑制癌细胞转移和抑制血管新生作用等
机制实现的。
2.1.1 细胞毒作用 牛樟芝粗提物对肝癌、乳腺癌、
白血病、胰腺癌等癌细胞均具有直接的细胞毒作用。
将从牛樟芝中分离的4-acetylantroquinonol B作用于
肝癌细胞 HepG2,发现该化合物的细胞毒作用呈现
量效相关性[22-23]。从牛樟芝中分离得的 8 个麦角甾
烷型三萜和 2 个羊毛甾烷三萜及 lanosta-8,24-dien-
3β,15α,21-triol 具有细胞毒性,IC50 值为 16.44~
77.04 mg/mL[24-26]。牛樟芝中苯的衍生物可通过钙蛋
白介导的细胞通路[27],诱导肝癌细胞HepG2、Hep3B
凋亡[28],且不影响正常肝细胞增殖[29]。牛樟芝菌丝
体冻干粉乙醇提取物能够抑制头颈癌细胞增殖,且
对裸鼠不会引起明显的副反应[30]。进一步研究发
现,诱导头颈癌细胞凋亡的活性成分为菌丝体中的
antrodin C[31]。
牛樟芝及其活性成分的抗肿瘤活性可能是通过
调控 p53、p21、p27 抑癌基因以及细胞周期基因
CDK2、CDK4 的表达,使得 G1 期细胞增多,S 期
细胞减少实现的[23]。在探索早期抗癌机制时发现,
牛樟芝子实体提取物能使肝癌细胞中一系列致癌基
因 mRNA 表达减少,下调磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶/蛋白
激酶 B(PI3K/Akt)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)
通路,放大细胞自身的凋亡信号[32]。
2.1.2 抑制肿瘤细胞转移 研究表明,牛樟芝中的
antrodin C 能够通过 Smad 2/3、β-链蛋白信号通路,
抑制转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)介导的乳腺癌细
胞上皮间质的转化和转移[33]。牛樟芝菌丝体中的糖
蛋白 antrodan 能够抑制肺癌细胞转移[34]。牛樟芝子
实体醋酸乙酯萃取物,可通过抑制核因子 -κB
(NF-κB)的活化,从而抑制肝癌细胞转移[35]。
2.1.3 抑制血管新生 牛樟芝多糖具有抗内皮细胞
血管新生作用[36]。采用 CAM 绒毛膜尿囊移植法,
发现相对分子质量大于 1×105 的牛樟芝多糖抑制
血管新生效果最好[37]。有报道称,牛樟芝中的硫酸
盐多糖抗血管新生作用的强弱与其硫酸盐化程度相
关[38]。此外,在与抗肿瘤药阿霉素结合使用时,牛
樟芝能显著降低阿霉素导致的心脏毒性、手-足综合
征[39]。牛樟芝菌丝体甲醇提取物能使人早幼粒白血
病细胞 HL-60 产生表型功能分化[40]。牛樟芝还可以
减少辐射对免疫细胞的损伤,增强辐射对癌细胞的
细胞毒作用[41]。
2.2 保肝作用
研究表明,牛樟芝具有保肝作用,可以治疗肝
炎、肝癌及酒精引起的脂肪肝、肝纤维化等肝脏疾
病[42-44]。从牛樟芝菌丝体中分离的 antroquinonol、
4-acetylantroquinonol B 有抗酒精性肝损伤作用[17,45]。
牛樟芝中的糖蛋白及 antrodan 能降低脂多糖(LPS)
R1 R2 R3 R4
OMe H Me OMe
H Me OMe OMe
Me H OMe OMe
H OMe Me OMe
Me OMe H OMe
H OMe OMe Me
中草药 Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 第 47 卷 第 6 期 2016 年 3 月

·1039·
引起的肝细胞氧化损伤、增强肝细胞活性[46-47],进
一步研究发现,牛樟芝多糖的抗氧化作用可能与其
修复肝细胞 DNA 损伤作用有关[48]。另外,牛樟芝
中的马来酸及琥珀酸衍生物 antrodin A~E 也有很
强的抑制 C 型肝炎病毒蛋白酶能力[49],显示出牛樟
芝可用于治疗肝癌及 HCV 感染[50]。
2.3 抗炎及免疫调节作用
从牛樟芝中分离的马来酰亚胺衍生物、糖蛋白
可以有效降低脂多糖引起的 RAW264.7 巨噬细胞免
疫应答,显示出抗炎作用[50-52]。该抗炎作用与降低
人外周血单核细胞中前免疫活素类肿瘤坏死因子-α
(TNF-α)、IL-6 及中介物 NO、PGE2 水平,抑制
巨噬细胞中 IL-1β、IL-18 分泌及 NLRP3 炎性体,
激动 MAPK、NF-κB 信号通路有关[53-54]。另外,牛
樟芝菌丝体中的 methyl antcinate K 可以增强树突细
胞活性、促进 Th2 细胞分化,增强免疫应答,具有
一定的免疫调节作用[55]。
2.4 抗氧化损伤作用
报道显示,牛樟芝具有抗细胞氧化损伤作用。
牛樟芝深层液态发酵菌丝体提取物可以清除超氧自
由基及 DPPH 自由基[56]。Antcin C 是其抗氧化的主
要活性成分[57]。通过比较清除 DPPH 自由基能力和
对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响,显示牛樟
芝培养液正己烷、正丁醇、醋酸乙酯部位均有抗氧
化能力,其中抗氧化能力最强的部位为醋酸乙酯部
位[58]。还可以通过改变培养基中的碳氮比值增强牛
樟芝人工培养菌丝体清除自由基的活性[59]。
2.5 神经保护作用
研究发现牛樟芝中的多糖、酚类、三萜类、
腺苷成分具有一定的神经保护作用。将牛樟芝中
硫酸盐多糖、腺苷作用于 PC12 细胞,发现牛樟
芝水提物能调节细胞生存活力[38,60-61]。随后将牛
樟芝乙醇提取物作用于 PC12 细胞 β 淀粉样蛋白
(Aβ25-35),发现牛樟芝中多酚类、黄酮类、三萜
类、腺苷成分能通过线粒体、腺苷受体途径降低
Aβ25-35 引起的细胞毒性,从而改善神经退变和记
忆功能失调[62]。
2.6 其他作用
通过对高脂饲喂仓鼠模型的研究,发现牛樟
芝水提物具有调血脂作用[63]。另外,牛樟芝子实
体乙醇提取物能通过抑制 P-糖蛋白功能影响
ABCB1 基因多态性,影响药物在体内的跨膜转运
及功效发挥[64]。
3 结语
牛樟芝起源于中国台湾民间,应用历史已超过
200 年,用于解毒、解宿醉、治疗肝脏病变、缓解
体力透支等。20 世纪 90 年代兴起对牛樟芝的现代
药理学的研究。目前,已从牛樟芝中分离得到多种
化学成分,其中三萜类、多糖及马来酸衍生物是其
主要活性成分。研究显示牛樟芝具有被开发为抗癌
及免疫调节药物的潜力,其三萜类及马来酸衍生物
可作为抗癌药物;多糖及糖蛋白有望被开发为保肝
药物,用于治疗肝炎、肝癌及酒精引起的脂肪肝、
肝纤维化等肝脏疾病。
目前,牛樟芝的人工培养技术日渐成熟,未来
开发的成本将会降低。但现阶段牛樟芝多作为保健
品,较少开发为药物。在中国台湾,牛樟芝子实体
保健品生产商有威尔飞、伟翔等,仅有单体
antroquinonol 被开发为抗癌药,中国大陆地区对牛
樟芝的研究开发更少。目前关于牛樟芝粗提物药理
活性的报道较多,对单体成分的研究相对匮乏;相
关报道亦缺少临床前动物实验及临床试验研究。故
今后对牛樟芝中活性成分的分离鉴定、活性成分及
部位的药效学、药动学及牛樟芝人工培养产物的质
量控制等方面值得深入研究。
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