全 文 ：Spectacular Rubus Resources in China

GU Yin , WANG Chuan-yong , YU Hong , HE Shan-an
Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences of J iangsu Province , Nanjing 210004 , China
Abstract:Some outstanding Rubus species were recommended by the authors as potential resources of
fresh fruit , processing production or ornamental plants.For fresh fruit:R.chingii Hu , R .corchori-
folius L., R .ellipticus (Smith)var.obordatus (Franch.)Focke , R .hirsutus Thunb., R.niveus
Thunb., R .coreanus Miq.For juice processing:R.lambertianus Ser.For sweetener:R.chingii Hu
var.suavissimus (S Lee)LT Lu.For ornamental plants:R.calycinoides Hayata , R .lineatus Reinw.
For breeding materials:R.multibracteatus Lévl., R .peltatus Maxim.
Key words:Rubus;fresh fruit;juice;sweetener;ornamental;breeding;resource
CLC number:Q949.751.8;S663　　　Document code:A　　　Article ID:1000-5684(2009)05-0492-05
中国丰富的悬钩子属种质资源
顾　姻 , 王传永 , 於　虹 , 贺善安
江苏省中国科学院植物研究所 , 南京 210004
摘　要:推荐了若干优良悬钩子属种质资源。鲜食用资源:掌叶复盆子 、山莓 、栽秧泡 、蓬　、红泡刺藤 、插田
泡。果汁加工用资源:高粱泡。甜味剂资源:甜茶。观赏植物资源:玉山悬钩子 、绢毛悬钩子。育种资源:盾叶
莓 、大乌泡。
关键词:悬钩子属;鲜果;果汁;甜味剂;观赏;育种;资源
中图分类号:Q949.751.8;S663　　　文献标识码:A　　　文章编号:1000-5684(2009)05-0492-05
　　There are more than 700 species of Rubus in the
world , about 200 distributing in China.The great ma-
jority of Chinese Rubus species distribute in the south-
western part of the country , and 61 , 54 and 39 of them
have been found in Yunnan , Sichuan and Guizhou
provinces respectively
[ 1] .Rubus is a large genus of
high genetic diversity.Many of the Rubus species are
of scientific or economic value.The utilization of it has
a long history of 2 000—3 000 years.The Rubus
plants have been used in Chinese medicine for thou-
sands of years.In the past several hundreds of years , it
has been exploited as an important kind of small fruit
in the West.Several Chinese species were used in the
breeding of raspberries.In recent years , a new promis-
ing cultivar for ground cover has been selected in Cana-
da
[ 2] .
Several species of potentialities for fruit ,
medicine , environment , ornament and breeding were
recommended in this paper.
1　Potential resources as small fruits
1.1　Rubus chingii Hu(掌叶复盆子)
A mid-sized shrubs of 1—5—3 m , with erect
stems and long , unfolded branches.Leaves simple;
nearly round , palmately 5—7 parted and 5—7-
veined , blades thin , both sides glabrous.Flowers soli-

Corresponding author
Foundation item:Chinese National Science Foundation , USA National Geographic Society (5587-95), USDA-ARS Clonal Germplasm Repository
Biography:GU Yin , f emale , Professor Small Fruit Speciali st.
Received date:2008-12-20　　Revised date:2009-02-28
吉林农业大学学报　2009 ,31(5):492 ～ 496 ,501 http:// xuebao.jlau.edu.cn
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University E-mail:jlndxb@vip.sina.com
tary terminal , pedicels slender , drooping , flowers
large , 2—5—4 cm across , petals much larger than
sepals , white;blooming in March-April.Aggregate
fruits large , 2—4 g in weight , max.4.9 g ,
drooping , matured fruits adhere to the torus , red ,
densely whitish grey pubescent , sweet and fragrant ,
matured in May—Jun.Higher productivity with palat-
able fruits.
Distributed mainly in eastern China , in Anhui ,
Fujian , Guangxi , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Zhejiang etc.from
low to medium elevations.In areas above 1 000 m ,
plants grow normally but fruit poorly.
Wild fruits are collected and eaten fresh or used
for jam , jelly , and drinks.Immature fruits , roots , and
leaves are used for Chinese medicine.Cultivation ex-
periments have been carried out in recent years
[ 3] .
1.2　Rubus corchorifolius L.(山莓)
Erect shrubs 1—3 m tall.Stems strong , with
prickles.Leaves simple , ovate to ovate-lanceolate ,
bright green , puberulous along veins above , darker
green beneath.Primocanes very strong , usually 1—
2 m , even ≥2 m tall , somewhat purplish , prickly ,
leaves always 3-parted , with coarse serrate and long
stipules.Flowers usually solitary , or few flowers termi-
nal on short lateral branchlets;flowers large , 1.7—
2.1 cm in diameter , white , bloom in Feb—Apr.Ag-
gregate fruits globose or ovoid-globose , about 1g , light
red or orange-red , juicy drupelets small and multiple ,
matured in Apr.—Jun.Delicious sweet-sour process-
ing:R.lanbertianus Ser.flavour.Matured fruit ad-
here to the torus , drop easily and intact.Variations
have been found on fruit shape and size[ 4] .
The fresh fruit quality is outstanding among wild
species , fruits also used for making jam , drinks , and
wine.The fruit , seeds , and roots are used in Chinese
medicine.The stems and roots are a source of tannin.
It is also a material of great potentiality for breeding es-
pecially for precocity , erectness and fruit quality.
It is awidely distributed species in S China.Usu-
ally scattered at sunny slopes , waste fields and along
streams from 200—2 600 m altitudes.Also found in
Japan , Korea , Burma and Vietnam.
1.3 　 Rubus ellipticus Smith var.obcordatus
(Franch.)Focke(栽秧泡)
Erect shrubs 1—3 m tall.Young Branches
pubescent , with sparse , curved prickles , dense , pur-
ple bristles and rarely glandular hairs.Leaves 3—folio-
late;leaflets broad elliptic to obovate , the size of ter-
minal leaflets a little bit larger than the laterals , veins
impressed above , densely tomentose , with purplish red
bristles along midribs beneath;petioles and petiolules
purplish red bristly , pubescent , with minute prickles.
Glomerate racemes ca.10 flowers terminal , or less
flowers clustered axillary; raches and pedicels
pubescent and bristly;flowers 1—1.5 cm in diam.;
calyces pubescent with intermixed yellowish tomentose
and sparse bristles outside;petals longer than sepals ,
white.Aggregate fruits subglobose , medium size , ca.
1 cm in diam., golden yellow , matured in Apr.—
May.
Distributed in Sichuan , Yunnan and Tibet at
300—2 600 m , especially widely distributed in Yun-
nan province at 300—1 000 m.altitudes.
Also found in India , Laos , Thailand , Vietnam.
It is a variety with palatable fruits , fine productiv-
ity and richer natural resources.People collect the
fruits for self consumption as well as selling on farm-
market[ 5] .
1.4　Rubus hirsutus Thunb.(蓬　)
Small to mid-size erect shrubs.Branches terete ,
with soft hairs , glands , and sparse , recurved prickles.
Leaves odd-pinnate , 3—5-foliolate;terminal leaflets
ovate , lateral leaflets oblique;dark green above , both
surfaces sparsely soft hairy , veins depressed above and
raised beneath , margin double serrate;petioles 2—
10 cm , with soft hairs , petiolules of terminal leaflet
2 cm. Petiolules , rachis , pedicels and calyxes
pubescent , with glands and sparse prickles.Flowers
solitary on top of small branches or occasionally axil-
lary , large , ca.4 cm in diam., petals much larger
than sepals , white;blooming in April.It is one of the
wild species with larger fruits.Aggregate fruits subglo-
bose , larger , scarlet , glabrous , shallow center , with a
thin layer of pulp and large hollow cavity , matured in
May—Jun.Sweet and palatable , with pleasant fra-
493GU Yin et al.:Spectacular Rubus Resources in China
吉林农业大学学报 Journal of Jilin Agricultural University
grance and beautiful red color.The anthocyanin was i-
dentified as pelargonidin 3-monoglucoside[ 6-7] .
Distributed in Jiangsu , Anhui , Zhejiang , Fujian ,
Taiwan , Guangdong , Henan , etc.at 900—3 200 m.
Also found in Japan and Korea
Roots shallow , multiple suckers grow easily from
various kinds of roots , even from those as small as
1 mm in diameter , and as far as about 1 m from the old
plant.It usually grows under scattered thickets and at
borders of woodlands in lower or middle altitudes rarely
above 1 000 to 1 500 m.Most of the populations were
found in forests of which the dominant species is
Greensulphur bamboo (Phyllostachys viridis 刚竹)or
at the edge of solid pine forests or mixed forests.It has
never been found in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys
pubescens毛竹)forests because of the high density of
the upper canopy.It is believed that the distribution
and extension of the species is mainly limited by its low
drought resistance owing to the shallow root system.It
grows better only in soils with stable soil water content.
It is fruitless in very shady sites[ 8-9] .
Because of the pleasant fragrance and color , the
juice is believed to be a valuable material for pure or
mixed juices.The whole plant , including roots , is
used as a Chinese medicine for inflammation , an-
tipyretic , invigorator for blood circulation , etc.
1.5　Rubus niveus Thunb.(红泡刺藤)
Medium size erect shrubs 1—2 m tall.Leaves
7—9-foliolate;terminal leaflets slightly larger than lat-
eral ones , veins thin , angles among midribs and lateral
veins always as small as ca.30°, green , glabrous to
sparsely pubescent above , sparsely whitish tomentose
beneath;stipules joined to the petioles , linear to lin-
ear-lanceolate , much larger and broader , usually ovate
on primocanes.Corymboses or short panicles terminal
or axillary , flowers small , calyxes tomentose , and pi-
lose outside , petals shorter than sepals , purplish red ,
styles purplish red , densely whitish tomentose at base ,
ovaries whitish tomentose.Aggregate fruits smaller ,
semiglobose , turn to red , dark red , black when ma-
ture , densely whitish tomentose;matured in June—
Sept.;tender , sweet and delicious[ 10] .
Mainly distributed in Yunnan , Guizhou ,
Sichuan , Tibet , Shaanxi , Gansu , Guangxi and Taiwan
provinces at 500—2 700 m.
Widely distributed in SE Asia , easily found in
Afghanistan , Bhutan , Burma , India , Indonesia ,
Kashmir , Laos , Malaysia , Nepal , Philippines ,
Sikkim , Sri Lanka , Thailand and Vietnam.
Table 1.Fruit weight and size[ 11]
Species
Fruit weight/ g
Mean Max.
Fruit size/ cm
Height Diameter
R.chingii 2.71—6.29 10.18 1.65—2.20 1.75—2.20
R.corchorifolius 0.82—1.34 1.93 1.23—1.61 1.23—1.47
R.hirsutus 0.49—2.12 4.26 1.03—1.40 1.04—1.70
R.lambertianus 0.12—0.13 0.45 1.11 1.68
R.multibracteatus 0.71 1.37 1.42 1.32
R.peltatus 3.77—6.94 8.89 4.08 1.68
1.6　Rubus coreanus Miq.(插田泡)
Erect shrubs 1—3 m tall.Stems erect or ulti-
mately arching in part.Branches sturdy , cylindric ,
from green to reddish brown in age , glabrous and glau-
cous bloom , with straight or curved flattened prickles.
Leaves 5-foliolate;terminal leaflets nearly rhomboidal ,
usually 3-lobed , margin incised coarsely serrate , later-
al ones elliptic to ovate;petioles , petiolules and raches
pubescent , with sparse , curved minute pricklets;stip-
ules joined to the petioles.Corymbose terminal on short
branchlets , medium size , flowers small , sepals narrow-
ly ovate to ovate-lanceolate , with tomentose belt along
margin , petals shorter than sepals , pink to dark red ,
erect when blooming;filaments pinkish , blooming in
Apr.—Jun.Aggregate fruits , subglobose , small , 5—
8 mm in diam., glabrous , yellow , red to purplish
black , matured in Jun-Aug.
A widely distributed species.Growing in Anhui ,
Fujian , Gansu , Guizhou , Henan , Hubei , Hunan ,
Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Shaanxi , Sichuan , Xinjiang , Yun-
nan , Zhejiang provinces at 100—3 100 m altitudes.
Also found in Japan and Korea.
494　　　吉林农业大学学报　2009年 10月
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University 2009 , October
It is a species of high genetic diversity.The fruit
color varies from orange to red , black , and taste from
poor flavour to palatable.Valuable variation has been
found in Guizhou province , with beautiful orange fruit
color , sweet taste and high yield[ 4] .
2　Resources for processing
2.1 　Resources for juice production — Rubus
lambertianus Ser.(高粱泡)
Semi-evergreen , sturdy , luxuriant straggling
shrubs 1—2 cm tall.Canes to 2—3 m long , arching
and disheveled.Branches slender , angled , sub-
glabrous , usually with few fine hairs and sparse ,
slightly curved minute prickles.Leaves single , charta-
ceous , ovate to broadly ovate , obscurely 3-to 5-lobed ,
both surfaces pilose , petioles and midribs with sparse ,
minute prickles underneath , stipules distinct , palmate-
ly laciniate-cleft to parted , lobes linear to lanceolate ,
caduceus.Large paniculate inflorescences terminal or
several flowers clustered axillary , flowers small , petals
white , slightly shorter than sepals;blooming in Jul.—
Augt.Aggregate fruits subglobose , small , 6—8 mm in
diam., ca.0.5 g weight , orange red to red , sour ,
matured in Sept.—Nov.Agreeable acid flavor.It is
rich in anthocyanin of a high stability.The pigment is
quite stable.No visible change of color was found in
the juice when it had been exposed to strong sunshine
for 40 hours.It is also considered to be a good additive
for juice , wine and jelly products.Roots , leaves and
seeds for Chinese medicines such as antipyretic and
beamostatics[ 9] .
Widely distributed in a large area , from Henan
(N)to Guangdong(S), Yunnan(W)to Taiwan(E),
from moist places of low altitudes to dry slopes of high
altitudes , from 30—50 m to 4 000 m.
Also found in Japan and Thailand.
2.2 　Resources of sweetener —Rubus chingii
Ser.var.suavissimus (S.Lee)L.T.Lu
(甜茶)
It is a variety of Rubus chingii endemic to
Guangxi province.The main morphological character of
this variety is the flowers , especially the petals are
larger.The most distinct character is the rubusoside
and suavioside content in the leaves that makes the
leaves sweet.A leaf product “Guilin Sweet Tea” have
already been developed by Guangxi Institute of Botany.
Table 2.Juice extracting and sugar , acid contents in fruits[ 9]
Species Juice extracting/ % Acid/ % Sugar/ %
Soluble Reduct ive Sucrose
Sugar/Acid ratio
R.chingii
R.corchorifolius
R.hirsurus
R.lambertianus
50.00
60.68
70.00—82.00
53.00
1.47—1.72
0.87—1.09
0.58—0.93
2.07
8.43—9.17
8.12—8.20
3.67—7.07
6.32
7.77—8.86
7.00—7.74
2.62—5.63
6.26
0.63—0.79
0.76—1.14
0.46—1.89
—
4.90—6.24
7.52—9.33
4.83—10.53
3.05
Table 3.Vc and SOD contents in fruits(fresh basis)[ 11]
Species VE/(μg·100g-1) SOD/(U·g -1)
R.chingi i
R.corchorifolius
R.hirsutus
R.lambertianus
R.multibracteatus
R.peltatus
14.79
14.64
16.27
26.97—72.48
14.45
11.90
255.3
246.0
388.0
—
—
239.7
3　Resources of ornamental plants
3.1　Ground cover —Rubus calycinoides Hayata
(玉山悬钩子)
Low scandent subshrubs.Long creeping canes
easily rooting at nodes.Leaves simple , thick , broadly
ovate to orbicular , dark green , reticulations impressed
with bullate vein islets above , veins raised and promi-
nent , brownish grey tomentose beneath , stipules large ,
distinct , margin pectinately or palmately laciniate at
apex.Flowers solitary or 1—2 terminal or axillary ,
about 2 cm across , petals white to yellowish.Aggregate
fruits yellow to orange , hollow center , receptacles or-
ange.
Endemic to Taiwan province at highmountain area
of 2 500—3 500 m.It had been introduced to Canada
and a beautiful new ground cover cultivar was selected
out named “Emerald Carpet” by The Botanical Garden
495GU Yin et al.:Spectacular Rubus Resources in China
吉林农业大学学报 Journal of Jilin Agricultural University
of The University of British Columbia , Canada.
3.2　Ornamental shrub —Rubus lineatus Reinw.
(绢毛悬钩子)
Medium size deciduous or semi-evergreen shrubs
1—2 m tall.Young branches densely with appressed
silvery grey to yellowish grey silky sericeous hairs ,
glabrescent , and with few minute pricklets.Palmately
compound leaves , 3—5 leafflets , leafflets oblong-
oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate , 30—50 lateral veins
paralled , each one terminating at one mucronated
tooth , midrib and lateral veins impressed above ,
prominent beneath , blades folded along midribs espe-
cially when young , dark green above , downy along
veins , densely appressed sericeous , with beautiful sil-
very gloss beneath;petioles 3—5 cm in length , dense-
ly sericeous , stipules distinct , ca.2 cm in length ,
lanceolate to ovate-oblong , entire , purplish red , mem-
branous , much larger on primocanes.Several flowered
cymose panicles terminal or 2—3 flowers clustered ax-
illary , raches , pedicels and calyxes silvery grey or yel-
lowish grey sericeous , flowers large , petals smaller
than sepals , white or greenish white:blooming in Jul.-
Aug.Aggregate fruits semiglobose , smaller to medium
size , orange to red at maturity;matured in Sep-Oct.It
is the most beautiful Rubus species in China with at-
tractive , outstanding leaves[ 5] .
Distributed in Yunnan and Tibet at 1 350—
3 200 m.
Also found in Nepal , Sikkim , Bhutan , Vietnam ,
India , Burma , Indonesia and Malaysia.
4　Resources of breeding materials
Chinese Rubus species have been in good graces
of small fruit breeders worldwide with a long history.
The following species were reported used as parental
material in raspberry breeding:Rubus biflorus Buch.-
Ham.Ex Smith(粉枝莓), Rubus coreanus Miq.(插
田泡), Rubus ellipticus Smith (椭圆悬钩子);Rubus
innominatus S.Moore var.kuntzeanus (Hemsl.)Bai-
ley (无腺白叶莓);Rubus lasiostylus Focke (绵果悬
钩子);Rubus niveus Thunb.(红泡刺藤);Rubus
parvifolius L.(茅莓).By many years′investigation , it
was suggested by the authors that the following species
might be new materials for Rubus breeding in the near
future.
4.1　Rubus peltatus Maxim.(盾叶莓)
Medium size upright or disheveled shrubs.Stems
arching.Young branches pruinose , reddish brown or
brownish when matured.Prickles denser and longer on
primocanes.Leaves simple;blades peltate , ovate to
orbicular , thin and soft , palmatly 5-nerved , margin
tenuis serrulate , 3—5 palmatilobate to palmatifid ,
lobes triangular-ovate , terminal lobes slightly larger ,
the basal pair usually small;both surfaces green ,
sparsely appressed villous , with minute pricklets along
midribs underneath;petioles slender , glabrous , with
minute , slightly recurved pricklets , stipules distinct ,
green to brownish , large , obliquely cordate-ovate on
primocanes , smaller , ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate on
branchlets.Flowers and aggregate fruits drooping , soli-
tary.Flowers large , ca.5 cm or more in diam.,
pedicels as long as 2.5—4.5 cm , glabrous , with
sparse minute prickles , sepals ovate-lanceolate , margin
sparsely serrate , usually shallowly lacniated at apex ,
lobes linear;petals longer than sepals , white;bloom-
ing in Apr.—May.Aggregate fruits cylindric , to 4 cm
long , greenish yellow to orange-red when maturing ,
densely pubescent , matured in Jun—Jul.
Distributed in Guizhou , Sichuan , Zhejiang , An-
hui , Jiangxi , Hubei provinces at 300—1 500 m.
Also found in Japan.
Fruits edible and used in Chinese medicine.It
might be the species with largest fruit in Rubus , and is
believed as an outstanding material of breeding.
4.2　Rubus multibracteatus Lévl(大乌泡)
Strong , large scandent shrubs to 1.5—3 m tall.
Branches stout.Branches , petioles and veins at leaf-
back densely tomentose-pubescent , sparsely curved
minute prickly.Leaves simple;large , suborbicular ,
ca.10—15cm across , 7—9 lobed to clefted , terminal
lobes 3—5 doubly lobed , deeply cordate at base , pal-
mately 5 nerved , margin coarsely serrate , sometimes
shortly cuspidate , dark green , rarely with purplish
stripes , sparsely pubescent above , islets obviously bul-
late above , vein meshes prominent , petioles long and
thick , stipules large , distinct , (下转第 501页)
496　　　吉林农业大学学报　2009年 10月
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University 2009 , October
4　栽培技术要点
4.1　选地
选择适宜的地块 。山坡地应选择背风向阳的
坡面 ,平原地应选择地势较高 、便于排水的地块建
园。
4.2　定植期
选用无性繁殖方法培育的优质苗木 。在黑龙
江绥棱苗木定植时期为 4月下旬 ,土壤化冻至挖
坑深度即可栽植 。
4.3　栽植密度
黑穗醋栗新品种“绥研 1号”树势强健 ,树冠
开张 。在中等肥力的地块 ,栽植密度以行株距
3 m×1 m 为宜 ,每穴 2株 ,顺向栽植 ,穴内株间距
离15 ～ 20 cm ,栽植坑直径 30 cm ,深 30 cm。
4.4　施肥方法及施肥量
黑穗醋栗新品种“绥研 1号”喜肥 ,定植时应
施足底肥 ,以农家肥为主 ,30 t/hm2 。成龄园追肥
按 m(尿素)∶m(磷酸二铵)=1∶1比例追施 ,施肥
量0.33 t/hm2。
4.5　田间管理
在花期 、果实膨大期应加强肥水管理。在 5
月中旬 、6月末 7月初注意防治黑穗醋栗透羽蛾。
整个生育期要及时中耕除草 ,适时采收 。该品种
树姿半开张 ,结果后枝条较下垂 ,因此要在采果后
对多年生枝条(四年生以上)进行疏枝 ,将病枝 、老
弱枝从基部剪去 ,保留壮枝饱满芽结果 。
该品种越冬需埋土防寒 ,采取埋土防寒的措
施可在黑龙江省任何地区栽培 。
参考文献:
[ 1] 　王柏林.寒地小浆果优质丰产栽培技术[M] .哈尔滨:黑龙
江省科学技术出版社 ,2004.
[ 2] 　祖容.浆果学[M] .北京:中国农业出版社 , 1996.
[ 3] 　张冰冰 , 宋洪伟.穗醋栗种质资源描述规划和数据标准
[M] .北京:中国农业出版社 , 2006.
[ 4] 　王继勋 ,赵建民 , 陈锐 ,等.新疆黑穗醋栗白粉病发生规律
及防治研究[ J] .新疆农业科学 , 2001 , 38(3):142-144.
[ 5] 　周文志 ,宋钟伍 ,刘凤芝等.黑穗醋栗抗寒新品种晚丰[ J] .
中国果树 , 2004(3):3-4.
[ 6] 　刘海广 ,李亚东 ,吴林 ,等.黑穗醋栗新品种“甜蜜”[ J] .园
艺学报 , 2005 , 32(6):1161.
(上接第 496页)
orbicular , palmately parted , lobes linear , densely
pubescent beneath , purlish red when young , fade pro-
gressively.Narrow thyrse terminal , or racemes or few
flowers clustered axillary , raches , pedicels and calyxes
densely pale yellow to yellowish white sericeous vil-
lous;flowers large , 1.5—2.5 cm in diam., petals
white , longer than or similar to sepals in length , some-
times not drooped after pass out of bloom.Aggregate
fruits globose , red , rarely pink , large , to 1.5—2 cm
in diam , edible , matured in June—Sep[ 5] .
Distributed in Guangdong , Guangxi , Yunnan ,
Guizhou provinces at 300 —2 700 m.
Also found in Vietnam , Thailand , Laos and Cam-
bodia.
References:
[ 1] 　Lu L T.A study on the genus Rubus of China[ J] .Acta Pyhtotaxo-
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501宋德禄等:黑穗醋栗早熟新品种绥研 1号选育报告
吉林农业大学学报 Journal of Jilin Agricultural University