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薄荷属植物挥发性成分及药理作用研究进展



全 文 :天然产物研究与开发 Nat Prod Res Dev 2013,25:856-861,865
文章编号:1001-6880(2013)6-0856-07
收稿日期:2012-11-15 接受日期:2013-02-20
基金项目:“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2011BAI04B06) ;江
苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目(CX(11)1021) ;江苏
省抗糖尿病药物筛选技术服务中心项目(BM2011117)
* 通讯作者 Tel:86-25-84347081;E-mail:lwlcnbg@ cnbg. net
薄荷属植物挥发性成分及药理作用研究进展
陈智坤,梁呈元,任冰如,于 盱,李维林*
江苏省中国科学院植物研究所,南京 210014
摘 要:薄荷属(Mentha L.)植物广泛分布于世界各地,有着悠久的药食两用史。目前,薄荷属植物挥发性物质
主要应用于医药、食品、化妆品、香料、烟草等工业。现代研究表明其挥发性成分主要含有多种单萜类化合物,
药理学研究显示其具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗辐射、抗癌、降血压等生物活性。本文主要对该属植物挥发性化学成分
及药理作用的研究现状进行综述,以期为进一步开发和利用该属植物提供科学依据。
关键词:薄荷属;挥发性成分;化学成分;药理作用
中图分类号:R272. 71 文献标识码:A
Advances in the Studies of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological
Activities of Volatile Components from Mentha L.
CHEN Zhi-kun,LIANG Cheng-yuan,REN Bing-ru,YU Xu,LI Wei-lin*
Institute of Botany,Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210014,China
Abstract:Mentha L. species widely distribute around the world. They had been used in foods and medicines for more
than 2000 years. Currently the volatile components(or essential oils)from mint were widely used in medicine,food,cos-
metics,perfume,tobacco and others industry. Recent researches show that the volatile components are mainly composed
by monoterpenoids and have the biological activity such as antioxidation,antibacterial,antiradiation,anticancer,lowering
school pressure,and etc. In this paper,we review progresses on botany,chemistry and activity of volatile components a-
bout this species ,in order to provide the evidence for utilizing this resource better.
Key words:Mentha L.;volatile components ;chemical constituents;pharmacological activities
目前,世界上已发现薄荷属植物(Mentha L.)25
种以上[1],其作为重要的芳香植物广泛分布于北半
球的温带地区,少数种见于南半球,我国有薄荷属植
物 12 种,主要分布于东北、华东、新疆等地区[2]。其
中,薄荷属植物中薄荷(M. canadensis L.)、辣薄荷
(M. × piperita L.)、留兰香(M. spicata L.)等被广泛
地应用于食品、医药、化妆品、香料、烟草等工业[3],
当前,对该属植物的研究主要集中在挥发性成分,也
就是俗称的“薄荷油”。薄荷挥发性成分主要为多
种单萜类化合物,现代药理学研究表明其具有抗氧
化、抗菌、抗辐射、抗癌、降血压等生物活性。本文对
近年来国内外关于该属植物挥发性成分及活性研究
现状进行综述 ,以期为进一步开发和利用该属植物
提供科学参考。
1 薄荷属植物主要挥发性成分
表 1 薄荷属植物主要挥发性成分
Table 1 Main compounds of volatile components from Mentha L.
Species
植物种
Compouds
化合物
Ref.
M. aquatica beta-caryophyllene,piperitenone,menthofuran [4,5]
M. arvensis menthol,piperitone [6-8]
M. canadensis menthol,menthone [9]
M. cervina pulegone [10-12]
M. × dumetorum pulegone [13]
M. longifolia piperitenone,piperitone,carvone [14-16]
M. × piperita(peppermint) menthol ,menthone,piperitone, [17-23]
M. pulegium(pennyroyal) pulegone,menthone [24,25]
M. requienii pulegone [26,27]
M. rotundifolia piperitenone,cis-piperitone [28,29]
M. spicata carvone,cis-carvone,limonene, [30-34]
M. suaveolens pulegone,piperitenone piperitone [35-37]
M. × villosa piperitenone [38,39]
DOI:10.16333/j.1001-6880.2013.06.023
表 1 为,近二十年来世界各地薄荷属植物所含
主要挥发性成分的总结。由表 1 可见,薄荷属植物
挥发性相对比较规律,依据主成分大体可以分为四
大类:一、薄荷醇(menthol)类保持不了主要植物有
M. arvensis ,M. canadensis,M. × piperita,M. requie-
nii;二、胡薄荷酮(pulegone)类,M. cervina,M. pule-
gium,M. × dumetorum,M. requienii;三、胡椒酮(pip-
eritone)类,M. aquatic,M. longifolia,M. rotundifolia,
M. × villosa;四、香芹酮类(carvone) ,M. spicata。然
而,研究表明薄荷属植物因生境及生长阶段不同其
挥发性成分也会存在显著差异。
2 薄荷属植物挥发性成分生物合成途

图 1 薄荷属主挥发性成分生物合成途径
Fig. 1 The biosynthesis pathway of volatile components from Mentha L.
CD:(+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase,DAPP:dimethylallyl diphosphate,GPP:geranyl diphosphate,GPPS:geranyl diphosphate synthase,IPP:
isopentenyl diphosphate,IPPi:isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase,L6OH: (+ )-limonene-6-hydroxylase,L3OH: (-)-limonene- 3-hydroxylase,
LS:(-)-limonene synthase,MEP:methyl erythritol phosphate,MFS:menthofuran synthase,MR: (-)-(3R)-menthol reductase,NR: (+)-(3S)-
neomenthol reductase,iPD: (-)-trans-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase,iPR : (-)-isopiperitenone reductase,iPI : (+)-cis-isopulegone isomerase,
PR:(+)-pulegone reductase.
如图 1 所示,目前国内外关于薄荷属植物的主
要挥发性成分的生物合成途径已基本清晰。研究显
示,薄荷属植物并非以 MVA(mevalonic acid)为 C5
原料的传统单萜生物合成途径,而是以 MEP为主要
C5 原料[40-44]。MEP 经多步反应转化成 IPP 和
DAPP,其中 IPP在 IPPi 的作用下生成 DAPP;DAPP
和 IPP 在 GPPS 的作用下则产生 C10 基本结构
GPP;最后 GPP再在不同酶的作用下,经多步反应最
终得到相应的单萜类成分。目前已通过分子手段寻
找并克隆出调控薄荷属植物中萜类合成酶所对应的
基因,并采用细胞悬浮培养等方式,进行相应萜类代
谢产物的生物合成。
3 薄荷属植物精油相关药理作用
在世界各地,薄荷属植物有悠久的种植和使用
史,在中国,该属植物已有 2000 多年药食两用
史[45]。目前,多个发达及发展中国家已将“薄荷油”
列入药典范围。现代研究表明,薄荷属挥发性成分
具有丰富的生物活性,除传统用于解热镇痛、胃肠道
紊乱等疾病治疗的药理活性被验证,抗氧化、抗菌、
抗辐射、抗癌、降血压等活性及对应作用机理也被逐
渐发现。
3. 1 抗氧化活性
目前,对于薄荷属植物的抗氧化活性研究比较
热门,其中薄荷属的挥发性和非挥发性成分都显示
758Vol. 25 陈智坤等:薄荷属植物挥发性成分及药理作用研究进展
出良好的抗氧化活性。Hussain[32]通过 DPPH 自由
基、亚油酸系统以及含有 β-胡萝卜素的亚油酸系统
进行抗氧化活性评价显示,M. spicata 精油对 DPPH
自由基和亚油酸体系有良好清除活性,其中 DPPH
对自由基 IC50值为 13. 3 ± 0. 6 μg /mL,对亚油酸体
系清除率可达 61. 5%,并发现其抗氧化活性与其主
成分香芹酮有密切联系;Schmidt[46]研究表明 M. ×
piperita精油同样对 DPPH自由基和 OH基自由基均
有清除作用,其 IC50值分别为 860 μg /mL,0. 26 μg /
mL;Gulluce[47]研究表明 M. longifolia 精油对 DPPH
自由基和亚油酸体系有一定抗氧化活性,其中对
DPPH自由基 IC50值为 10700 μg /mL,但对亚油酸体
系在 2 mg /mL时仅达到 36%的清除率。
3. 2 对病原微生物及昆虫的作用
现代研究表明,薄荷属植物挥发性成分对多种
病原微生物抑制作用。周露等[8]研究表明 M. arven-
sis精油对对大肠杆菌、金黄葡萄球菌、白念珠菌有
明显的抗菌活性,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为
0. 16,1. 25,2. 5 v /v,其最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为
0. 31,5,2. 5 v /v;李慧等[48]研究表明 M. canadensis,
M. × piperita,M. × gentilis 精油对绿脓杆菌有抑制
作用,通过与抗生素联用其抗菌范围和强度均有所
变化;王微等[49]研究表明 M. canadensis 精油对所选
的包括表皮葡萄球菌等 8 种病原菌都有很好的抗菌
活性,枯草芽孢杆菌及变形杆菌出现最大的抑菌环,
MIC实验中,薄荷精油的浓度范围为 5. 00% ~ 0.
039%,变形杆菌的 MIC 及 MBC 值最低,分别为 0.
625%及 1. 25%;Rodrigues[50]研究表明 M. cervina 精
油对 23 种细菌具有抑制效果,其中精油对细菌的抑
制是由于多种成分的相互协同作用,并非单一成分
发挥作用;Goncalves[12]的研究结果显示 M. cervina
精油对三种真菌具有很好的抑制作用,其中对表皮
寄生菌的 MIC 值为 0. 63 mL /mL,可作为治疗脚气
等真菌类疾病替代药品。Hafedh 等[51]研究显示 M.
longifolia精油对四种革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌
均有抑制作用;Bassole[52,53]研究表明 M. × piperita
精油对多种病原微生物具有抑制作用,而对人类病
原体只有适度抑制;Sokovic[17,54]研究表明 M. × pip-
erita精油对匍枝根霉、灰霉病、黑曲霉和红色毛癣菌
具有抑制效果;Mario[26]研究显示 M. requienii 精油
对镰刀菌等 7 种微生物具有体外抑制活性;Sarer
[31,32,55,56]等研究表明 M. spicata 精油对多种病原微
生物具有抑制作用,并以香芹酮为例验证单萜的对
应异构体结构与抗菌活性有关,其中(R) (+)-limo-
nene抗菌活性大于(S) (-)-limonene;Rasooli[57]通过
M. spicata精油体内外生物膜研究实验为薄荷牙膏
抗菌保护口腔黏膜提供临床依据,并通过与桉树精
油联用发现一种新型预防和治疗龋齿的方法;Sut-
our[36,37]研究发现 M. suaveolens 精油对病原微生物
具有抑制作用,其主成分 piperitone对测试的微生物
抑制作用最强,其次是 piperitenone oxide 和 piper-
itone oxide。除此而外,Walker[58-60]等研究表明 M.
longifolia,M. × piperita,M. spicata 精油对玉米象、根
结线虫、螨虫、蚊子等具有杀灭或趋避作用。因此,
人们可利用薄荷属植物挥发性成分对病原微生物的
抑制作用,将薄荷精油广泛用于喉咙、口腔等炎症治
疗,食品储存,植物保护等领域。目前留兰香精油已
作为重要的添加剂在牙膏中广泛使用,薄荷属其它
植物也将在人们日常生活中发挥着巨大的作用。
3. 3 抗辐射活性
Haksar[61]通过雄性大鼠实验表明 M. spicata 精
油对辐射造成的条件性味觉厌恶有改善作用;Sama-
rth[62-71]研究表明 M. × piperita精油对辐射诱导的瑞
士白化小鼠睾丸损伤、小鼠肝脏抗氧化状态和脂质
过氧化、骨髓染色体、脾脏、肠道损伤均具有保护作
用,对小鼠血清磷酸酶具有降低作用,其作用机制可
能与增加 NO 的释放、自由基清除活性有关。由此
可见,薄荷属植物精油具有应对电离辐射,可用于宇
航员或核环境中的辐射的预防治疗。
3. 4 抗癌活性
在伊朗 M. Pulegium被用于防腐、驱风、抗痉挛、
治疗宫颈瘤等疾病。Shirazi[72]研究显示 M. Pulegi-
um精油对人卵巢腺癌 SK-OV-3,人恶性子宫颈细胞
株 Hela和人肺癌 A549 细胞系均表现出一定的抑制
作用,其 IC50值分别为 14. 10,59. 10 和 18. 76 μg /
mL,可作为治疗人类癌症的候选药物。
3. 5 解热镇痛作用
Sousa[38]通过对服用 M. × villosa 精油及其主成
分胡椒烯酮对经醋酸处理的疼痛小鼠模型,结果显
示两者均具有镇痛效果,且这种影响不涉及中枢系
统。
3. 6 降压及对心血管的影响
Lahlou[73,74]研究表明静脉注射 M. × villosa 油
对采用醋酸去氧皮质酮作用的高血压小鼠模型,结
果显示具有显著地降压和调节心律的作用,其主要
作用机理是刺激释放 NO诱导血管平滑肌松弛。
858 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 25
3. 7 抗组胺抗过敏作用
林月彬[75]通过三种过敏模型研究显示,薄荷醇
高、中、低剂量组 30 min 内在搔抓次数与空白模型
组相比显著减少,高剂量组搔抓潜伏期与空白模型
组相比显著延长;薄荷醇高剂量组能明显抑制组胺
引起的回肠平滑肌张力收缩;薄荷醇高剂量组能抑
制豚鼠腹腔细胞组胺释放作用。研究表明,薄荷醇
具明显的止痒作用,其止痒作用与对抗组胺的作用
和抑制组胺释放有关。
3. 8 对皮肤的作用
薄荷属植物的重要精油成分薄荷醇表现出良好
的透皮吸收作用,其在药品、化妆品、花露水等商品
中得到广泛应用,但薄荷醇透皮吸收机理至今没有
阐明。王晖[76]研究表明薄荷醇对家兔皮肤无急性
刺激性。在临床常用浓度(1%)下,薄荷醇多次给
药对家兔皮肤没有刺激性,但在 2%浓度以上的薄
荷醇在多次给药后会引起家兔皮肤结构不同程度的
改变,但薄荷醇对豚鼠皮肤无致敏性。
3. 9 毒副作用
尽管 Mentha L.属植物精油有很长久的药食两
用史,且被多个国家的 FDA 列入药典范围,但其毒
副作用也不容忽视。刘红杰[77]等研究表明过量使
用 M. canadensis精油会造成肝脏损伤,其致病剂量
为 2. 4 mL /kg。Odeyemi[78]研究同样显示过量使用
M. longifolia精油造成肝肾负担。因此,无论是个体
差异还是薄荷属植物潜在的毒副作用,在使用剂量
及未来研究中可能存在的毒副作用也都必须引起我
们的高度重视。
4 展望
目前有关薄荷属植物挥发性成分的化学成分及
药理活性研究已有大量研究报道,无论是抗氧化、抗
菌、抗癌以及传统的解热镇痛等药理活性研究都不
够深入,除个别研究系统阐述了药理学作用机理,大
部分研究缺乏作用机制的深入探讨,未来可利用多
种筛选模型,探究其生物作用,扩大薄荷属挥发性成
分资源开发利用力度和前景。
笔者课题组已从事研究薄荷属植物 10 多年,对
我国薄荷原料药的质量甚为担忧,市场销售的薄荷
鱼龙混杂,直接导致薄荷油成分参差不齐。虽然陈
在敏等[77]通过 GC-MS,HPLC 建立了薄荷素油及薄
荷的指纹图谱,但指标性成分与活性有待商榷。因
此加强原料药的品种选育及 GAP的研究控制,制定
更加科学的质量标准,可在一定程度上保证药材质
量。
薄荷属植物杂交严重,形态结构差异性低,鉴别
难度大,许多研究存在植物基原混乱等显现,本文所
总结的薄荷属植物均以种国际种接受名为准,对种
以下如变种或变种接受名依据 the plant list 数据库
划归为种接受名。除此之外,薄荷属植物目前接受
的种名有 38 种,然而国内外研究薄荷属挥发性成分
却始终集中在该属某几种,且没有进行同属的精油
成分及相关活性比较。未来可对冷门的薄荷属植物
挥发性物质成分及药理活性的研究,扩大该属植物
的资源利用范围。
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