全 文 :DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20160015
山刺番荔枝果实发育进程中挥发性成分的组成分析
徐子健 1,龙娅丽 1,江雪飞 1*,乔 飞 2,党志国 2,陈业渊 2
(1热带作物种质资源保护与开发利用教育部重点实验室(海南大学)·海南大学园艺园林学院,海口 570228;
2中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所·农业部华南作物基因资源与种质创制重点开放实验室,海南儋州 571737)
摘 要:【目的】探讨山刺番荔枝果实发育过程中挥发性物质的组成及变化。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取技术对山刺番
荔枝青果期、转白期和成熟期果实进行挥发性气体的鉴定,并结合气相色谱/质谱法进行测定分析。【结果】山刺番荔枝
各个阶段果实中共检测出16种相对含量超过1%的挥发性物质,包括醛类、酯类、醇类和酸类。其中青果期挥发性物
质以(E)-2-己烯醛为主,转白期挥发性物质以辛酸甲酯为主,在成熟期中相对含量最高的是梨醇酯。果实发育过程
中,酯类挥发性物质逐渐增加。对果实挥发性物质的香韵进行分析,发现青果期果实中包含14种香型,其中青香荷载
较大;转白期和成熟期果实中分别包含23种香型和21种香型,果香荷载最大。【结论】在山刺番荔枝果实发育的不同阶
段,挥发性物质成分及相对含量有有较大的变化。随着果实成熟,香韵明显增多,由青香型向果香型转变。转白期香
型种类最多,香韵特征最明显,是食用或精油提取的最佳阶段。
关键词:山刺番荔枝;果实发育;挥发性物质;固相微萃取;气相色谱/质谱
中图分类号:S667.9 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2016)08-0969-08
收稿日期:2016-01-26 接受日期:2016-04-01
基金项目:海南大学中西部计划学科建设项目(ZXBJH-XK008);海南省自然科学基金项目(20153059)
作者简介:徐子健,硕士。Tel: 18689602326,E-mail: 821496261@qq.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:13648632290, E-mail:hnjiangxuefei@gmail.com
果树学报 2016,33(8):969-976
Journal of Fruit Science
Analysis of volatile components in Annona montana fruit at different de⁃
velopmental stages
XU Zijian1, LONG Yali1, JIANG Xuefei1*, QIAO Fei2, DANG Zhiguo2, CHEN Yeyuan2
(1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources (Hainan University)·
College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China; 2Tropical Crops Genetic Resources In⁃
stitute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences · Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern
China, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China)
Abstract:【Objective】Annona montana is native to central America, the Amazon, and the islands in the
Caribbean. It is a medicinal plant and produces edible fruit. It has been used as rootstock for cultivated
Annonas since 1980s in southern China, Guangdong province and Hainan Province. The fruit is nearly
round and covered with many short fleshy spines. During ripening, the pulp turns from white to yellow,
and emits unique aroma. Though the pulp is fibrous and with many seeds, it is with strong tropical fruit
aromas and can be used as additive to make tropical flavor food or beverage. However, volatile compo⁃
nents in the fruit have not been identified since the wild trees of Annona montana were introduced to Chi⁃
na. Therefore, in this study the variation and composition of volatile components in Annona montana fruit
were analyzed at different fruit development stages.【Methods】Volatile components were analyzed with
HS-SPME-GC/MS. Flesh of green fruit, degreening fruit and ripe fruit was sampled and quickly frozen in
liquid nitrogen and then preserved in -80 ℃. 15 g of the finely powdered flesh samples was transferred in⁃
to a 40 mL Teflon capvial (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 5 g of NaCl and sealed with a silicone/PTFE sep⁃
果 树 学 报 第33卷
tum and a magnetic cap for continuous agitation and heating. Headspace volatiles were extracted by expos⁃
ing a 75-μm carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber (Supelco, USA) to the vial headspace. The fiber
was then inserted into an ISQ GC-MS (Thermo Scientific instruments, USA) injection port and the vola⁃
tiles were desorbed and performed on an HP-INNOWAX column with helium as the carrier gas at a con⁃
stant flow.【Results】At different stages of fruit development, the relative contents and types of volatile
components changed greatly. A total of 16 volatile components with relative content higher than 1% in all
three development stages were detected, including 2 aldehydes, 9 esters, 4 alcohols and 1 acid. In green
fruit, the main volatile components were trans-2-hexenal, caproaldehyde, leaf alcohol and hexyl alcohol,
and the relative content of the four components reached 82.61% with trans- 2- hexenal accounting for
48.09%. In degreening fruit, the main volatile components included caprylic acid methyl ester, prenyl ace⁃
tate, methyl decanoate, 4-penten-1-yl acetate, cineole, and α-terpineol and linalool. These 7 compounds
occupied 68.85% and caprylic acid methyl ester was most abundant (35.86%). Esters increased obviously
in degreening fruit compared with green fruit. In ripe fruit, the relative contents of 9 volatile components
were higher than 1%. They were prenyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, caprylic acid methyl ester, 4-penten-1-
yl acetate, cineole, ethyl caproate, octanoic acid, α-terpineol and ethyl caprate. Their relative content was
42.76% and prenyl acetate was the highest one (9.40%), followed by ethyl caprylate (9.29%). In ripe fruit,
the relative content of prenyl acetate and caprylic acid methyl ester decreased dramatically. However, cin⁃
eole and α-terpineol increased when compared with degreening fruit. Moreover, there were some newly
appearing volatile components such as ethyl caproate (3.06%), ethyl caprylate (9.29%), methyl decanoate
(1.03%) and octanoic acid (2.74%). The representative volatile component in green fruit was aldehydes,
which accounted for 6.34%. In degreening fruit, the esters raised quickly and reached 63.69%. These re⁃
sults show that with fruit development the types of volatile components increased and their contents var⁃
ied. Scent analysis of aromatic components displayed 14 types of scent in green fruit and green scent was
the highest followed by fruit scent. There were 23 types of scent in degreening fruit, and 21 types in ripe
fruit. In both degreening fruit and ripe fruit, the fruit scent load was the highest, and green scent dropped
dramatically. The scent load in descending order in degreening fruit was fruit scent, aliphatic scent, dairy
scent, jasmine scent, rose scent, animal scent, muguet scent, green scent, orchid scent, herb scent, ice
scent, edible scent, acid scent, camphor scent, conifer scent, vanilla scent, earthy scent, wood scent,
smoke scent, citrus scent, spice scent, narcotic scent and solvent scent. And in ripe fruit, the order was
fruit scent, green scent, aliphatic scent, dairy scent, rose scent, herb scent, jasmine scent, ice scent, ani⁃
mal scent, orchid scent, muguet scent, camphor scent, acid scent, edible scent, narcotic scent, solvent
scent, citrus scent, conifer scent, wood scent, aroma-chem scent and spice scent.【Conclusion】During
fruit development of Annona montana, the volatile components and their relative contents changed obvi⁃
ously. The typical volatile components were esters in both degreening fruit and ripe fruit. The types of
scent increased significantly and switched from green scent to fruit scent. The degreening fruit was with
the most types of scent, and the mixture of fruit scent, aliphatic scent, dairy scent, jasmine scent, rose
scent, and so on. All these contributed to the special flavor of the fruit. Since degreening fruit was with
stronger aromatic scent than ripe fruit, it was suggested that the degreening fruit was the best for fresh-eat⁃
ing and flavor compounds extraction.
Key words: Annona montana; Fruit development; Volatile component; SPME; GC/MS
970
,等:山刺番荔枝果实发育进程中挥发性成分的组成分析第8期
番荔枝作为我国热带地区重要水果之一,因其
果实含丰富的营养物质、香味物质和维生素C[1],风
味独特,既可鲜食,也可制成果汁、果酱和果酒等[2]。
通过研究山刺番荔枝果实不同时期挥发性成分的组
成及变化情况,确定果实发育过程挥发性成分的形
成时期,为进一步果实品质评价和山刺番荔枝果实
最佳的食用或加工时期提供依据。果实不同发育阶
段营养成分和风味物质变化非常明显,例如,葡萄[3]、
菠萝 [4]、樱桃 [5]、苹果 [6]、橘子 [7]等水果,果实发育过程
中,不仅风味物质的含量会发生变化,而且挥发性物
质的种类也会发生明显变化。番荔枝科不同种类
(品种)番荔枝果实主要挥发性成分也有较大不同,
例如:刺果番荔枝(Annona muticata)中挥发性物质
以酯类物质为主,但挥发性物质的含量,甚至种类,
随着产地和检测方法的不同有较大差异[8];牛心番荔
枝(A. reticulata)中挥发性物质主要为萜类物质,其
中α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯和芳樟醇含量最为丰富,
呈现浓郁的果香和乳酪香味,不同品种牛心番荔枝
挥发性物质成分基本一致但含量差异较大[9];而Pino
等[10]利用GC/MS技术检测了成熟的野生山刺番荔枝
果实的挥发性成分,共检出了 58种物质,主要为梨
醇酯、辛酸甲酯、2-甲基-3-丁烯醇和己酸甲酯。此
外,在番荔枝叶片、果实和种子中均检测出多种具有
药用价值的挥发性生物活性物质,例如,β-榄香烯[11]
和番荔枝内酯 [12-15],这些物质因为具有药用价值而
备受关注。尽管番荔枝引入我国栽培的历史已有
400多年,直至上世纪 80年代才开始在海南、广东、
福建推广栽培,目前主栽的种为杂交番荔枝(A.
squamosa×A.cherimola)等 5个种[16],山刺番荔枝仅作
为砧木使用。然而,山刺番荔枝在其他国家也作为
特色果树进行栽培[10]。山刺番荔枝作为特色热带水
果在我国尚未开展研究,我们采用 SPME-GC/MS的
方法分析山刺番荔枝果实发育过程中不同阶段挥发
性物质,通过“ABC”法对香味进行量化处理,研究山
刺番荔枝果实不同时期挥发性成分的动态变化,明
确其主要挥发性成分,并对其整体香韵进行剖析,从
而为果实品质评价和最佳采收时期(食用或加工)提
供参考。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
供试植物材料为定植于中国热带农业科学院
热带作物品种资源研究所果树种质资源圃的 10 a
生山刺番荔枝(A.montana),分别在青果期、转白
期和成熟期采摘果实,每个时期采样 3个,切取
果肉用液氮速冻后置于-80 ℃保存备用。
1.2 方法
采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用(HS-SPME-
GC-MS)的方法 [17]对果实中挥发性成分进行测定。
采用色谱和质谱数据用Xcalibur软件(Thermo Scien⁃
tific Technologies)进行分析。按面积归一法进行定
量分析,各分离组分相对含量/%=(分离组分的峰面
积/总峰面积)×100。
香气的量化描述参考“ABC”法进行分析[18]。
2 结果与分析
2.1 山刺番荔枝不同发育期挥发性成分的GC-MS
总离子流
山刺番荔枝青果期、转白期和成熟期果实中挥
发性成分经GC-MS检测和分析后,可以得到其挥发
性成分的GC-MS总离子流图(图1)。其3个时期共
检测出 16种相对含量超过 1%的挥发性物质,主要
包括醛类、酯类、醇类和酸类等。不同发育阶段,挥
发性物质的组分和相对含量存在着明显差异。随着
果实的发育,所含的挥发性成分种类逐渐增多,各物
质相对含量趋于一致。
2.2 山刺番荔枝不同发育期挥发性成分的主要组
成及变化
经GC-MS检测和分析,在青果期检出 13种挥
发性物质,在转白期检出 26种挥发性物质,在成熟
期检出 40种挥发性物质,如图 2所示。在果实发育
阶段,挥发性物质中,醛类香味成分随着果实发育
明显下降,而酯类香味成分则随着果实发育明显增
多。
不同时期的果实中挥发性成分相对含量超过
1%的共有16种化合物(表1),主要包括醛类(2种)、
酯类(9种)、醇类(4种)和酸类(1种),其中酯类化合
物所含种类最多。在果实发育的不同阶段,各种挥
发性成分的相对含量和种类都发生了较大的变化。
由表 1可知,青果期果实中主要的挥发性成分
有 4种,分别是正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、正己醇、叶
醇。这4种成分就占了青果期果实总挥发性成分含
量的 82.61%,其中(E)-2-己烯醛相对含量最高,达
到了48.09%,而且该阶段果实中主要以醛类化合物
徐子健 971
果 树 学 报 第33卷
图 1 山刺番荔枝不同时期果实挥发性成分的总离子流
Fig. 1 GC-MS total ionic chromatogram of volatile components in fruit of A. montana at different developmental stages
保留时间 Retention time/min
(E)-2-己烯醛Trans-2-hexenal
正己醛Caproaldehyde
叶醇Leaf alcohol
青果期
Green fruit
相
对
丰
度
Rel
ativ
eab
und
anc
e/%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
正己醛Caproaldehyde
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
保留时间 Retention time/min
保留时间 Retention time/min
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
相
对
丰
度
Rel
ativ
eab
und
anc
e/%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
相
对
丰
度
Rel
ativ
eab
und
anc
e/%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
梨醇酯Prenyl acetate
辛酸甲酯Caprylic acid methyl ester
梨醇酯Prenyl acetate
辛酸乙酯Ethyl caprylate
芳樟醇Linalool
成熟期
Ripe fruit
桉叶油醇Cineole 辛酸Octanoic acid
辛酸甲酯Caprylic acid methyl ester
4-戊烯-1-乙酸酯
4-penten-1-yl acetate
转白期
Whitish fruit
972
,等:山刺番荔枝果实发育进程中挥发性成分的组成分析第8期
图 2 山刺番荔枝果实不同时期挥发性芳香物质的种类和数量
Fig. 2 Types and quantities of aromatic substances in fruit of A. montana at different developmental stages
表 1 山刺番荔枝不同时期果实挥发性成分的 GC/MS分析结果
Table 1 GC-MS analysis result of volatile components in fruit of A. montana at different developmental stages
保留时间
Retention time /min
10.80
13.56
14.33
14.05
14.65
15.24
17.23
18.04
18.34
21.53
19.33
22.69
23.51
24.76
30.45
化学物质登录号
CAS#
66-25-1
1576-85-8
6728-26-3
470-82-6
123-66-0
1191-16-8
111-27-3
928-96-1
111-11-5
78-70-6
106-32-1
110-42-9
110-38-3
10482-56-1
124-07-2
挥发性组分
Volatile components
正己醛 Caproaldehyde
4-戊烯-1-乙酸酯 4-penten-1-yl acetate
(E)-2-己烯醛 Trans-2-hexenal
桉叶油醇 Cineole
正己酸乙酯 Ethyl caproate
梨醇酯 Prenyl acetate
正己醇 Hexyl alcohol
叶醇 Leaf alcohol
辛酸甲酯 Caprylic acid methyl ester
芳樟醇 Linalool
辛酸乙酯 Ethyl caprylate
葵酸甲酯 Methyl decanoate
癸酸乙酯 Ethyl caprate
α-松油醇 (-)-α-Terpineol
辛酸 Octanoic acid
相对含量 Relative content/%
青果期
Green fruit
14.25
-
48.09
-
-
-
3.38
16.89
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
转白期
Degreening fruit
-
2.68
-
2.36
-
20.99
-
-
35.86
1.25
-
4.16
-
1.55
-
成熟期
Ripe fruit
-
4.07
-
3.85
3.06
9.40
-
-
6.70
-
9.29
-
1.03
2.62
2.74
注:-表示未检测到或相对含量<1%。
Note: - indicate not found or relative content<1%.
为主。
转白期果实中主要的挥发性成分有 7种(表
1),分别是:4-戊烯-1-乙酸酯、桉叶油醇、梨醇酯、
辛酸甲酯、葵酸甲酯、芳樟醇和α-松油醇,占该阶
段总相对含量的 68.85%。其中辛酸甲酯的相对含
量最高,其次是梨醇酯。相对于青果期,该阶段酯
类的相对含量迅速升高,成为转白期主要的挥发性
成分。
成熟期果实中不同的挥发性成分有 9种(表
1),占总相对含量的 42.76%。其中梨醇酯的相对
含量最高,其次是辛酸乙酯。与转白期果实相比,
该阶段果实中梨醇酯、辛酸甲酯成分含量急剧降
低,但桉叶油醇、α-松油醇相对含量升高。此外,
这个时期出现了正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯
和辛酸等。
在不同阶段,果实中挥发性物质的种类和相对
含量都发生了明显的变化,其中,青果期果实中醛类
物质相对含量较高,占该阶段总相对含量的
62.34%;而在转白期,果实中酯类物质的相对含量
迅速升高,占该阶段总含量的63.69%。随着果实的
发育,果实中主要挥发性物质的种类增多,但相对含
量基本不变。
3
4
1 1 1
3
2
7
8
1
5
3
1
4
25
0
5 5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
青果期 Green fruit
转白期 Degreeding fruit
成熟期 Ripe fruit
烯类
Alkenes
其他
Others
酯类
Lipides
醇类
Alcohols
醛类
Aidehydes
酮类
Ketones
数
量
Qua
ntity
/No
.
徐子健 973
果 树 学 报 第33卷
2.3 山刺番荔枝不同发育期挥发性成分的气味
ABC分析
山刺番荔枝青果期、转白期和成熟期的果实中
都含有多种芳香物质。为了更加直观的表达其整体
的香韵,我们将所有挥发性物质中的香料物质的气
体ABC值和相对含量[18]结合起来,绘制出香韵分布
雷达图。从图中我们可以清楚的看到,青果期果实
香味共涵盖14种香型,其中,青香荷载最大,其次为
果香(图3-A);而转白期果实香味则涵盖了23种香
型,在 3个阶段中涵盖香型最多,其中,荷载最大的
为果香,青香荷载大幅下降(图 3-B);到成熟期时,
果实香味涵盖了21种香型,相对转白期多种香型的
荷载有所下降(图3-C)。转白期果实香味中开始出
现多种香型,且香型荷载相对较大。从各个时期香
韵分布雷达图的整体来看,山刺番荔枝的果实香型
随着成熟度的变化由以青香、果香香韵为主,向多种
图 3 山刺番荔枝果实不同时期香韵分布雷达
Fig. 3 Radar map of aroma distribution in fruit of A. montana at different developmental stages
A.青果期 Green fruit B.转白期 Degreening fruit
C.成熟期 Ripe fruit
A-脂肪香味;B-冰凉香气;C-柑橘香气;D-乳酪香;E-食品香气;F-果香;G-青香;H-药草香;J-茉莉香;K-松柏香;L-芳香族化合物香气;
M-铃兰花香;N-麻醉性香气;O-兰花香气;R-玫瑰香味;S-辛香味;T-烟焦味;U-动物香;V-香荚兰香;W-木香;Y-土壤香;Z-有机溶剂气味;
Ac-酸味;Ca-樟香。
A-aliphatic, B-ice, C-citrus, D-dairy, E-edible, F-fruit, G-green, H-herb, J-jasmine, K-conifer,L-aroma-chem, M-muguet, N-narcotic, O-or⁃
chid, R-rose, S-spice, T-smoke, U-animal, V-vanilla, W-wood, Y-earthy, Z-solvent, Ac-acid and Ca-camphor.
974
,等:山刺番荔枝果实发育进程中挥发性成分的组成分析第8期
香韵逐渐均衡转变(图3-A~C)。
3 讨 论
顶空固相萃取气质联用技术不仅简单快速、经
济无毒、灵敏度高、无需溶剂,且对挥发性气体的测
定比较准确[19]。本研究就是运用此技术对山刺番荔
枝青果期、转白期和成熟期的果实进行挥发性成分
的检测,共检测出 16种相对含量超过 1%的挥发性
物质,包括醛类、酯类、醇类和酸类。其中青果期挥
发性物质以(E)-2-己烯醛为主,转白期挥发性物质
以辛酸甲酯为主,在成熟期中相对含量最高的是梨
醇酯,它们都是食品级香料物质。
已有研究表明,普通番荔枝(A. squamosa)果实
中香气活性物质主要有α-蒎烯、双戊烯和月桂烯等
13种物质[20]。而在对山刺番荔枝果实挥发性成分中
香味物质的分析过程发现,在青果期检出13种芳香
物质,在转白期检出 26种芳香物质,在成熟期检出
40种芳香物质。其中,醛类香味成分随着果实发育
明显下降,而酯类香味成分随着果实发育明显逐渐
增多,这与刺果番荔枝成熟果实检测结果中酯类物
质含量最高相符[8]。在果实发育的不同阶段,芳香物
质的种类和数量均发生变化,并且随着果实发育,芳
香物质种类逐渐增多,果实特有风味逐渐形成。
山刺番荔枝果实发育过程中,香味逐渐由青香
转变为山刺番荔枝果实特有的气味。这是因为青果
期果实香味共涵盖14种香型,其中,青香荷载最大;
而转白期果实香味则涵盖了23种香型,荷载最大的
为果香,青香荷载大幅下降;到成熟期时,果实香味
涵盖了21种香型,相对转白期多种香型的荷载有所
下降。在山刺番荔枝果实转白期,多种香型开始产
生,果实香味开始形成,该时期是果实香味所含香型
最丰富的阶段,同时也是研究山刺番荔枝果实香味
形成特征的最佳阶段。Pino等[10]对成熟野生山刺番
荔枝的果实挥发性成分进行检测,共检出了58种物
质,主要为梨醇酯、辛酸甲酯、2-甲基-3-丁烯醇和
己酸甲酯。而本文中,成熟山刺番荔枝中共检测出
40中挥发性物质,主要物质有梨酯醇、辛酸乙酯、辛
酸甲酯和4-戊烯-1-乙酸酯等。与野生山刺番荔枝
相比,成分略有差异,这主要可能是因为栽培品种和
栽培地点的差异导致。但两者之间的主要成分基本
一致,两者成分的对比还需进一步的研究。
此外,对山刺番荔枝的药用价值研究已有报道,
如山刺番荔枝叶片中含有抗癌物质[11],山刺番荔枝
果实和种子中含有预防糖尿病的成分[21]。本研究从
山刺番荔枝转白期中检出了4-异丙基甲苯,该物质
具有祛痰、止咳功能,说明山刺番荔枝果实是潜在的
药食同源水果。
4 结 论
山刺番荔枝青果期、转白期和成熟期的果实中
都含有具香味的挥发性化合物,其中大部分为香气
物质。转白期果实香型种类最多,香韵特征最明显,
同时也是食用或提取香精的最佳阶段。
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