作 者 ：王华,牛德奎,胡冬南,张炜,郭晓敏
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 6期 页码：1468-1476
关键词：油茶；铵态氮；硝态氮；氨化细菌；亚硝化细菌；氨化作用；硝化作用；
Keywords:Camellia oleifera Abel, ammonium, nitrate, ammonifier, nitrite bacteria, ammonification, nitrification,
摘 要 ：【目的】氮素的转化、 吸收和利用是油茶生长和高产的关键要素。为了研究不同肥料对油茶林土壤氮素含量和相关微生物数量及其生物作用强度的影响,探讨不同肥料对土壤氮素养分循环及土壤微生物类群影响的内在联系,以期为油茶合理施肥提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】以江西省九江市庐山区海会镇油茶基地赣无油茶无性系(Camellia oleifera Abel)为试验对象,设计油茶专用肥(ZYF)、 生物有机肥(YJF)、 复合肥(FHF)和不施肥(CK)4个处理,每个处理设3个重复样地。【结果】不同施肥处理油茶林土壤中全氮、 硝态氮和铵态氮含量均存在显著差异,全氮年平均含量ZYF＞FHF＞YJF＞CK,不同处理土壤全氮含量季节变化均为春季至秋季呈递增趋势,秋季达到最大值。铵态氮年平均含量为ZYF＞YJF＞FHF＞CK,硝态氮年平均量为ZYF＞FHF＞YJF＞CK,不同处理铵态氮和硝态氮季节动态变化均不一致。不同施肥处理氨化细菌数量间和亚硝化细菌数量间均存在显著差异,氨化细菌与亚硝化细菌年平均量均为YJF＞ZYF＞FHF＞CK。氨化细菌数量秋季最高,冬季最低,但亚硝化细菌数量季节变化不明显。氨化作用强度与硝化作用强度年平均量均为YJF＞ZYF＞FHF＞CK。不同处理氨化作用强度均为从春季到秋季呈递增趋势,之后递减,冬季达最小。不同处理硝化作用强度季节动态变化较为复杂。不同施肥处理油茶林土壤中铵态氮含量与土壤氨化细菌数量、 氨化作用强度显著相关(P<0.01)。土壤硝态氮含量与土壤硝化细菌数量、 硝化作用强度显著相关(P<0.01)。FHF、 YJF、 ZYF与CK相比,油茶单株平均产量分别增加了27.55%、 76.10%、 77.57%。【结论】施用复合肥、 油茶专用肥和生物有机肥对提高土壤氮素含量、 微生物群落数量及其生物作用强度以及油茶产量均有显著效果。尤其富含有机质和有益菌的生物有机肥和营养元素更全面的油茶专用肥的效果更佳。因此,在生产实践中应根据实际情况,因地制宜地在施用常规复合肥的同时,增加油茶专用肥和生物有机肥的应用。
Abstract:【Objectives】Transformation, absorption and utilization of nitrogen are key elements for the growth and high yield of Camellia oleifera. The effects of differentfertilizer treatments on soil nitrogen content, number of microorganism and biological intensity in Camellia oleifera forest are studied, to reveal internal relationship between soil nutrient cycling and soil microbial communities, and to provide theoretical basis and scientific guidance for reasonable fertilization of Camellia oleifera. 【Methods】Using ‘Ganwu’ clone of Camellia oleifera Abel grown in Haihui town, Lushan area of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi province as experimental material, this experiment was set to 4 different fertilizer treatments, Camellia specialty fertilizer (ZYF), bio-organic fertilizer(YJF), compound fertilizer(FHF) and no fertilizer (CK), 3 replicates per treatment. 【Results】Under different fertilizer treatments, the contents of soil total nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate vary largely, and the annual average contents of soil total nitrogen are in order of ZYF>FHF>YJF>CK. For all the treatments,soil total nitrogen increases from spring to autumn with the maximum in autumn. The annual average contents of soil ammonium are in order of ZYF>YJF>FHF>CK, and those of soil nitrate are ZYF>FHF>YJF>CK. The seasonal variations of the contents of ammonium and nitrate are not consistent in different fertilizer treatments. Under different fertilizer treatments, the numbers of ammonifier and nitrite bacteriavary greatly, and the annual average numbers of ammonifier and nitrite bacteria are in order: YJF>ZYF>FHF>CK. The numbers of ammonifier have distinct and consistent changes in relation to seasonal variations, reaching the highest in autumn and the lowest in winter. The numbers of nitrite bacteria do not change obviously in relation to seasonal variations. The average annual levels of ammonification and nitrification intensities are in: YJF>ZYF>FHF>CK. The changes of ammonification intensity of all the treatments begin to increase from spring and reach the maximum in autumn, and then start to decline, while the changes of nitrification intensity are complicated in four seasons. The content of soil ammonium is significantly correlated with the number of ammonifer and ammonification intensity (P<0.01). There are significant correlations between the content of soil nitrate, the number of nitrite bacteria and nitrification intensity (P<0.01). Compared with CK, the average yields of per plant of Camellia oleifera are increased by 27.55%, 76.10% and 77.57% respectively under FHF, YJF and ZYF treatments.【Conclusions】The application of Camellia specialty fertilizer(ZYF), bio-organic fertilizer(YJF), compound fertilizer(FHF) can improve soil nitrogen contents, microbial communities and their biological intensity and the yield of Camellia oleifera. Especially the bio-organic fertilizer with rich organic matter and beneficial bacteria and Camellia specialty fertilizer with comprehensive nutrients are better for Camellia oleifera Abel. Therefore, in the practice of production, we should apply the conventional compound fertilizer as well as the application of Camellia specialty fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer according to actual situation and local conditions.
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