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作 者 ：章明清 李娟 孔庆波 姚宝全 陈燕花

期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2013年 19卷 1期 页码：121-130

关键词：蔬菜；早稻；轮作；氮磷；利用率；富集；

Keywords:vegetable, early rice, rotation, N and P, recovery, enrichment,

摘 要 ：菜田氮、磷污染治理的最佳途径是提高化肥利用率。本研究开展了四季豆（Phaseolus vulgaris）-瓢瓜（Lagenaria sicerariae）-早稻轮作中不同氮、磷肥用量的3年定位田间试验。结果表明，经济施肥量为四季豆N 155 kg/hm²和P₂O₅ 79 kg/hm₂、瓢瓜N 247 kg/hm²和P₂O₅ 130 kg/hm²，早稻不施肥。取得最佳经济效益的施肥处理，净增收比其他氮、磷水平提高1.6% ~46.8%，氮肥利用率从四季豆和瓢瓜连作的45.1%提高到四季豆-瓢瓜-早稻轮作的65.6%，磷肥利用率则从17.9%提高到26.5%。四季豆-瓢瓜-早稻轮作的土壤硝态氮和有效磷含量分别为四季豆和瓢瓜连作的27.5%和87.0%，为基础土壤硝态氮和有效磷含量的63.7%和93.9%。养分吸收特性分析表明，四季豆的氮、磷最大吸收速率分别是早稻的25.1倍和2.5倍，瓢瓜则分别是早稻的18.4倍和1.2倍; 四季豆的氮、磷最大吸收量分别是早稻的1.7倍和2.2倍，瓢瓜则分别是早稻的2.5倍和1.9倍。因此，菜-稻轮作体系利用了蔬菜和水稻在氮、磷吸收强度上的差异，较蔬菜连作促进了氮、磷高效利用，从而削减菜田过高的氮、磷富集，降低了土壤氮、磷流失潜力。

Abstract:  Increasing chemical fertilizer recovery is the best method of controlling N and P nonpoint pollution in vegetable fields. A 3-year orientation field experiment was carried out in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-gourd ladle melon (Lagenaria sicerariae)-early rice rotating system in Pinghe County. The results show that the economic application rates of N and P for kidney bean are N 155 kg/ha and P₂O₅ 79 kg/ha, and N 247 kg/ha and P₂O₅ 130 kg/ha for gourd ladle melon，but no fertilization for early rice in the rotating system. Under the optimum benefit treatment, the net income is increased by 1.6%-46.8% compared with other application rates of N or P. In the treatment, the N fertilizer recovery is increased from 45.1% in the kidney bean-gourd ladle melon continuous cropping to 65.6% in the kidney bean-gourd ladle melon-paddy rice rotation, and the P fertilizer recovery is increased from 17.9% to 26.5%. The soil nitrate N and available P contents in the kidney bean-gourd ladle melon-early rice rotation are about 27.5% and 87.0% of those in the kidney bean-gourd ladle melon continuous cropping when the gourd ladle melon and paddy rice are harvested respectively, and are about 63.7% and 93.9% of those in base soils. Under the balanced fertilization, the nutritive peculiarity analysis shows that maximum uptake rates of N and P of kidney bean are 25.1 and 2.5 times of those of early rice, and are 18.4 and 1.2 times of those of gourd ladle melon respectively. The maximum uptake amounts of N and P of kidney bean are 1.7 and 2.2 times of those of early rice, and are 2.5 and 1.9 times of those of gourd ladle melon. The N and P uptakes are different in vegetable and rice, compared with vegetable continuous cropping system, the recoveries of N and P are enhanced in the vegetable-paddy rice rotating system, and the exorbitant enrichments and runoff amounts of N and P are reduced.

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