中国西南地区乡土杨树基因资源丰富，被认为是青杨组的现代自然分布和演化中心之一。约有28个种，22个变种和10个天然杂交种在该区有自然分布，其中包括25个中国特有种，18个地区特有种。这些资源在科学研究、杨树遗传改良、区域生态建设和社会经济发展中具有的重要作用，但却未受到应有的重视。本文在前人研究及笔者调查基础上，对西南地区乡土杨树基因资源的价值、保护和利用进行探讨，旨在让更多人认识和关心这些基因资源。杨属系统分类是研究最多的领域，但在分类体系和种间演化关系上依然存在许多疑点；近年有研究对该区青杨和滇杨的遗传多样性进行评价，其他种类尚未涉及。在中高山河谷地带和高原面上，乡土杨树被广泛用于行道树、四旁树、防护林、风景林种植，但良种和栽培技术的缺乏限制了其利用。在遗传改良上，仅有滇杨曾被用于杂交育种的亲本，但没有明显的育种成效。在基因资源保护方面，缺乏有效的保护体系，仅有过零星的优树选择和保存工作。当前，大规模的水电开发正导致乡土杨树基因资源迅速流失，建议国家对西南地区的杨树资源进行系统的调查、收集、保存和利用，并对相关科学研究给予更多支持。
There are abundant genetic resources of poplars in southwest China, which is believed as a centre of Sect. Tacamahaca natural distribution and evolution. The resources have played an important role in the poplar researches and application. However the resources are not well known by the rest of the world, and their value has not drawn enough attention of most poplar researchers. There are 28 species, 22 varieties, and about 10 natural hybrids of genus Populus in the region. Among them, 25 species are endemic in China, and 18 species are indigenous in southwest China. Although there have been many studies on the classification of Populus, some contradictions still exist. The genetic diversity of P. cathayana and P. yunnanensis was determined by molecular markers, while the other species have not been involved in this kind of study. The native poplars are grown extensively to provide timber, fuel and forage, and to protect the agricultural fields, grazing lands, cities, villages and houses along roads and channels, but the lack of improved variety and cultivation technique has limited the development of poplar plantation. On genetic improvement, only a few works such as selection of superior trees was sporadically carried out, and no breeding achievement was reported in the past. At present, there is no effectivemeasure to conserve the native poplar, and the genetic resource has been facing severe damage from extensively economic construction, especially hydropower exploitation. Therefore, more attention and support are needed from the local government for the conservation, application and research on the poplar resources.
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